Unit+6+-+Post-Civil+War+Change+and+Corporate+Capitalist+Turmoil

=1873-1898=

William T. Sherman Rutherford B. Hayes Socialist Labor Party Reading Platform

AFL (American Farmer's League)
- after Haymarket, organized labor/KoL discredited -> new group arises, led by Samuel Gompers - only allows skilled laborers in, since only they have any power - Sam an ex-Marxist who realizes that idealism won't work -> will have to simply aim for what they can get in the current system - originally just vs. capitalists, no mention of gov -> as group develops, adds on details ^ what do you want? "More."

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
- union in the Homestead iron/steel factory - only skilled workers - held a lot of power; some 800 members in the factory - got along fine w/ Andrew until Frick... ^ eventually became like the other unions - discredited and devested of power

American Railway Union
- union created by Eugene Debs; an Industrial Union (for ALL people in a certain industry; this one = RRs) - quite successful, ex. in first month vs. Greater Northern RR; gets support of Chamber of Commerce of St. Paul, Minnisota (b/c RRs screwing over local economies) - arbitration (neutral 3rd party settles) -> favor of ARU - growing power - Debs tries to keep growth slow and steady, not explosive to "boom-bust" - to combat, RR owners (plus Pullman) -> General Managers Association - attempted to help Pullman boycott; failed, discredited, didn't survive

American Tobacco Company
- before industrialization, hand-rolled and easy atmosphere, ~3K cigs a day - Bonsack makes machine that can churn out 7K/10 hours, James Duke buys 2 -> sets up company - only needs unskilled laborers - too many cigs produced -> advertisement (baseball cards) and givaways (addiction) - profitable > competition -> James Duke pushes em out or buys em up -> no monopolies, so called "American Tobacco company" - by 1890, 90% of all cigs come from the ATC ^ example of changes due to innovations of corporate capitalism

Andrew Carnagie
- made the system of controlling all parts of the process (he owned steelworks; controlled RRs for transporting, bought raw materials directly, factories for all all parts of process, etc...)

Atlanta Declaration
- Booker T. Washington, born a slave but became free -> got an education - founds an institution of higher learning in Alabama (Tenskege); purpose is not only to educate freedmen but to also train them in some practical occupation (manual jobs, since no white-collar jobs were open to blacks) - realizes that pushing for equal rights immediately won't work; says, they must show they're respectable first and prove themselves - makes the Atlanta Declaration: "blacks must be 1st respectable, become economically indispensable and religiously upright, prove ourselves -> then we can get freedom" ^ basic tenant for a lot of later African-American rights movements

Birds of Passage
- name given to temporary immigrants who came to America - only came to find work, get money to send back home before returning - most often young white males; willing to take the worst work, just needed to be paid ^ influx of them leads to high immigrant populations in industrial centers -> tensions, esp. nativist

"Boy Orator of the Platte"
- William Jennings Bryan the Democratic presidental elect choice; arrives in St. Lewis - odd duck: very good speaker (hence title), populist, western, democrat evangelical protestant (most were republicans) - platform was "free silver" ^ conflict for the Populists: support own candidate, or help support Democrats -> higher chance of winning?

Bradley Martin Ball
- 1897, in a real bad depression, Bradley Martin's wife decides to host a ball to raise peoples' spirits - "will only use American workers, stimulate economy by spending and helping people by giving them work!" - outrageous replication of Palace of Versaille - angers many Americans; inspires "dog-ball" ^ marks conspicuous consumption of wealthy, class differences/wide gap in wealth

Captain Bill Jones
- head guy at a Carnegie factory, helped mediate between the workers/workers' union (Amalgamated) and Andrew - well-respected, a decent enough dude - helped the workers get 3 8-hr shifts instead of 2 12-hr ones - eventually died in an accident ^ background for Homestead... (?)

Centennial Exposition
- 1876, Philidelphia, basically a fair, celebrating 100 year anniversary of Declaration of Independence - showed off inventions such as electricity (entire thing was lit by lightbulbs), telephones, typewriters... ^ new attitude towards science, faith in Progrss; gave a concrete reason for celebration even though times were tough

Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- feminist granddaughter of Lyman Beecher - author of "The Yellow Wallpaper," detailing the slow coming of insanity to a young proto-aristocrat woman ^ marks the crushing weight of proto-aristocratic gentility

Colfax Massacre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_massacre - 1873 - fight over a parish - about political, economical conquest - shoot-out, many blacks killed

Compromise of 1877
- election of 1876 fraudulent; when votes are tallied, obvious they've been messed with - disputed votes are what could carry Hayes to presidency - after some squabbling, a "Compromise" is reached: Hayes gets presidency (good for Republicans), so long as Hayes pulls the North troops out of the South (good for Democrats/ white supremacy) - South re-intergrated with little persecution of ex-Confeds, all states have rights back ^ unrestrained "Redemption" of South

Couer d'Alene Anarcho-Syndicalism
- 1892, in CdA, Idaho - strike among silver miners b/c RRs raised rates -> mine owners lowered wages to compensate - union infiltrated by a spy who eventually became the records dude -> knows all the leaders, gets them arrested -> strikes -> scabs brought in, w/ Pinkertons and federal troops (since Indians are no longer a problem, fed troops are free to be used) - leaders kept in a "bull pen" (slaugher animals kept there before being led off; they left there for months) -> eventually exonerated, but emerge as radicals -> Western Federation of Miners, "anarcho-sydycism" - no government (duh, anarcy) + workers have all the control (COMMUNISM!!!11!eleven!)

Coxey's Army
- yet another depression ("the worst one in American history up to this time"); 1893 - solution idea formulated by a successful quarry owner, Jacob Coxey, who was a greenbacker, populist, and sympathetic to workers; liked the idea of a positive state; his idea: public work projects (ie roads, etc.) -> people would get work, America would get roads/other; a win-win idea - gathers a couple hundred people and begin to march to Washington in March 1894 to present his idea directly; religious banner in the front of the group; called "Coxey's Army" jokingly; many people very interested, many join -> swells to 500 strong by the time they arrive - arrive on May day (bad timing) -> paranoia (think they're radicals) -> overreaction by Prez Cleveland + the police; arrest Coxey for trespassing, stepping on the grass ^ leaves public scratching head, thinking "wtf?"

Crocker's Pets
- 1865 lots of Chinese get recruited for work in west, especially CA - idea of using Chinese for labor from Charles Crocker, manager of the Central Pacific RR - at first had trouble convincing business partners to allow him to hire them, they thought the Chinese wouldn't be of any use because they were thin, and "not strong enough" to work on the RRs, contemptuously called the Chinese "Crocker's pets" - eventually he managed to hire some -> after 1st day, agree they'd hire as many as possible - Chinese didn't complain much --> companies could lower wages more (bad for other workers + tension between them) ^ pioneered "use" of Chinese for RR work

Custer's Last Stand
- June 1876, Battle of Little Bighorn - Custer + others go to attack Indians for glory - Indians, led by Crazy Horse (relig.) and Sitting Bull, wipe them out ^ Pyrrhic victory - massive federal army response -> the end of large-scale Indian resistance battles

Dawes Severalty Act
- 1887, William Dawes passes a bill to "Americanize" tribal land holdings ("communist" ATM) - splits up current tribal lands into plots, 180 acres for each family and 80 acres for each single male - rest to be sold off to other people (those who sneak into public auctions and sales called "sooners") ^ further deterioration of the Indian situation ^ attitude of people towards Indians; honestly thought they were helping

Eugene Debs
- born in Taharo, IN - a responsible, respectable middlingclass worker; RR worker first -> works his way up to position of fireman (a good job on the RRs); becomes part of the Brotherhood of Firemen and Brakemen (like a fraternal/craft society); eventually works his way to the top of the society, everything's dandy for him but he feels sorry for the other workers (since he was once one of them himself) - creates an Industrial union (a union containing ALL the people who work in that industry) - American Railway Union - head of the union, it's successful, get support of big chambers of commerce... - later, because of violating an injuction (BS), arrested -> thrown in jail; pretty good time, everyone liked him cause he was so nice, etc. - reads Marx's works in jail -> comes out as a socialist; speaker for the workers + populist (farmers)-> DUN DUN DUN

Farmer's Alliance
- 1877, sub-treasury plan: all grain elevators controlled and owned by the government with low interest instead of individuals or companies - supported inflation to help their debts ^ organized agrarian activity; producerist opposition to corporate capitalism

Fetterman's Massacre
- 1866, northern Wyoming - Treaty of Laramie in 1851 promises Black Hills area to Indians (sacred place) - left alone until people find precious minerals there -> miners encroach, tresspass, get killed - miners come to gov., at first gov. like "wtf you doing in there?" but then breaks treaty - whites looking for glory lead calvary attack in Indians, led by idiot Fetterman -> killed by Indians

Frederick Jackson Taylor
- 1893 World Fair held in Chicago - ppl meet, etc... Frederick an intellectual, argues that "frontier America is now closed" - says that the only thing that made America unique was the frontier, otherwise it was just a rebellious bit off Eur. ^ What now?

"Free Silver: the Cowbird of the Populist Movement"
- fusionists saying, "abandon all other ideas of ours -> only push for free silver" - base everything on free silver; throw support behind another party ^ selling out, in a way

Friar's Point coup
- MS, 1875: follows fight between black supporters of black Coahoma County sheriff John Milton Brown and white supremacists enflamed by accusations of opportunistic politician and planter, James Alcorn - Brown is one of the Black Republican sheriffs in MS, supportive of idealistic carpetbagger Gov. Ames - Alcorn is former Whig opposed to secession, then Confederate general, who quits and returns to MS - restores plantation’s economy; traitorously smuggles cotton through Confederate boycott for Union gold - becomes Republican politician after war; cynically exploits black voters for his own power - accuses Brown of embezzlement in 1875; precipitating tension and conflict at county seat of Friars Point - during “battle, white leader is heard yelling “Don’t kill these negroes, boys; we need cotton pickers.” - after confrontation, Brown is forced out of MS; flees to KS; Alcorn supporters take over as sheriff - from KS, Brown repays Coahoma County debts and aids freedmen for rest of life; embezzlement not likely - Alcorn dominates Coahoma County for rest of his life; all-black college in MS named after him (irony!) ^ indicative of success of white supremacists in “winning” that part of the Civil War by continuing practice of exploitable, controllable black labor, as opposed to equal access to opportunity for blacks

Fusion Politics
- some Populists split between supporting own candidate -> lower chance of winning, getting anything they want... - OR, nominating the Democrat candidate and being sure to at least get free silver ^ cowbird

General Managers Association
- Pullman boycott + ARU creating problems; RR owners and Pullman get together, make GMA ^ see: ARU, Pullman IL

Ghost Dance
- 1889, Wovoka ("Jackson Wilson") a holy man (both Christian, Indian) living in Nevada - the pits, srsly - claims, "Jesus will come and set things right, but only if we dance this special dance, then our ancestors will come to us and tell us what to do" - the Ghost dance gets started - nothing else to do, really - and spreads elsewhere - Sioux comes via hopping RRs and learns dance, brings back home w/ a twist - "impervious to white ppl's bullets" - there's a new guy in charge of the Indians, freaked by them, esp. by Ghost dance -> calls troops - newly made 7th regiment calvary arrive (old one was Custer's, all dead), go in to arrest Sitting Bull -> he resists, fights, Sioux pissed - calvary sent to disarm NAs, deaf Black Coyote doesn't understand and resists -> shots -> massacre ^ Wounded Knee Massacre, Dec. 28 1890 in South Dakota

Gospel of Wealth
- idea of Andrew Carnagie - "Wealth is only good if used for socially uplifting purposes" - says nothing about how you get that wealth, or what usefully specific to do with it ^ intellectual/cultural change; acceptance of people hoarding money, so long as it's used for good (what defines "good"?) ^ lots of libraries, museums, etc. founded, but poor ppl. don't have time to use them

Grange
- "patrons of animal husbandry" -> too long, so "Grange" - started off as a sort of educational program for farmers, on better farming techniques (ex. crop rotation, terrace farming) - became a social thing, with all the family members coming and listening - with the coming of the depression, increased dependency on RRs -> the Grange became political - collective action, ex. cooperatives (pooling money) - appeals to state/federal gov. for help; regulation of powerful companies - but, also, thought that inflation was a "cure" for the problem b/c it helped debtors, harmed creditors - panacea (false cure)

Great Strike
- July-August 1877 - depression -> RRs in west compensate by raising prices - in east more competition -> cut wages to cut costs, but kept investor dividends high - after another round of wage cuts, strike starts spontaneously - begins in Martinsburg, WV, along the main line of the B&O - since some towns have become dependent on RRs, when wages are cut -> town suffers - police try to break up strikers, townspeople protect the strikers - national guard sent -> join strikers (militia, "people like them") - army sent (via train, lol) -> ppl pissed, looks like the gov. is helping the RRs - Baltimore, troops sent by hayes open fire on a crowd -> 12 killed -> news spreads -> more strikes spring up - CHAOS; strike spreads; many reactions - Pittsburg, PA, mayor's pretty chill (peaceful strike), but RR prez. gets governor to send east PA militia in; long-standing feud btw east/west PA -> hell breaks loose -> destruction, roundhouse destroyed, burnt/melted... - in Buffalo, NY, RR says "kidding about pay cuts" (lying) ^ turmoil caused by new system of corporate capitalism; producerist vs. corporate capitalist values; localist vs. nationalist sensibilities ^ Wheel of Resp. - rough/resp. "justice" vs. proto-arist./resp. "order"

Grimes Co. TX
- 1890, 21K pop. w/ 11K blacks, history of bi-racial Republicanism (populists) - Sheriff Garrett Scott, white; Deputy Jim Canard, black -> work together to oppose racist white Democrats - 1898 Scott re-elected, defeats white racist judge (McDonald); judge founds "White Man's Union," secret society w/ secret meetings; goal: ostracize/worse blacks + black-friendly whites; kill black deputy, Night Riders shoot up black homes - black folk start leaving -> need to find the line where they're controlled, fearful, but not leaving b/c they need blacks to work for them; current terror plan not working, so decide to go the political slant -> fudge the voting w/ people watching, telling them "vote for this or will happen," etc. - note: 4500 vote in 1898, 2800 in 1900 - next day, group of whites ride into county seat, confrontation btw them and the sheriff's brother -> fight -> one of them killed, brother killed -> go to sheriff, shoot him, besiege him for 5 days until federal troops come and cart him off to safely -> he never returns, McDonald reigns until 1950s - fine line btw controlling blacks and running them off, to keep them there, claim, "we're your friends" ^ Jim Crow

Haymarket
- workers call for a general strike on Mayday - scary thing, but nothing really happens - calls for a meeting (esp. by radicals); some posters say "come armed to defend yourself" - happens at night (after work), meeting has low popularity, few people there -> speeches read - suddenly cops arrive, "scram you all" -> the workers would have (meeting pretty much over) but then police attack -> someone throws a bomb -> panic, police open fire - 7 police, 4 workers wounded, all police shot (by themselves) - newspapers jump on this, report in a negative way on the unions ^ unions, KoL, discredited -> distrust of anarchists, radicals

Henry Clay Frick
- late 1880s, Carnegie gets a new budiness partner - Henry Clay Frick - ambitious, ruthless, intelligent, greedy, control freak... and with no-one to reign him in after Capt. Bill Jones dies in a furnace accident - Frick keeps saying "must cut costs"; tries to force a 12-hour work day + pay cut -> union says, "sliding wage scale" (company making lotsa $, they get paid more. Company makes less, they get paid less. A minimum wage, also.) - time passes... 1892, spring, contract due to expire soon, factory starts producing steel at record rates as Frick is preparing for a lock-out; Frick wants to try and dissolve the union so he can have all the power - June 1892, workers come to find a wooden stockade being built around the factory with holes in it to shoot through; "Fort Frick"; 300 Pinkertons hired to protect stockade - June 28, unskilled workers walk out, even though only the skilled workers are being blockaded - risky move -> steelworks close - town makes Advisory Council; job = to protect stockade from vandalism; those who will be protecting it = the workers! Highlights respectability of the workers - garners big attention from all around - July 6, dark night, Frick sends 300 more Pinkertons down the river -> people notice, sent alert down to Homestead -> when Pinkertons arrive, found 10K people there to "greet" them -> not allowed to land the barge -> big fight, explosions and fire and shooting -> by end of day, Pinkertons surrender -> 7 Pinkertons dead, 9 Homesteaders dead -> Pinkertons try to leave via train, beaten while escaping (mostly by the females of Homestead) - how the battle is VIEWED = big; Homesteaders need public support; gov. of PA says "under control," but Frick gets gov. to sent militia -> treated fairly nicely by Homesteaders, but are hostile back -> eventually number of troops, Pinkertons almost the same as number of Homesteaders - sympathy strikes in other Carnegie factories; military presence allows for scabs -> Homesteaders angry, but reliant on public opinion for help -> split (verily much) - Andrew Berkman, young, anarchist, wants to kill Frick -> goes in, shoots + stabs in neck, but beaten up by Frick and arrested -> public opinion swings towards Frick, union discredited ^ union never recovers; workers lost most if not all of their power

Homestead
- Homestead, PA - town in which one of Carnegie's factories was stationed - 12K people in the town, 800 of which were Amalgamated members, 3K which were unskilled laborers - unskilled mostly E. Eur. immigrants, can't speak English; skilled were homeowners, fairly well-off and non-dependent; both were separate from each other (lived in different areas) - emphasis on: IT WORKED. Things were dandy. - but later -> hotbed, much turmoil around 1889 w/ the entire Frick thing ^ see: Henry Clay Frick for more details

Horatio Alger
- guy who wrote books, all with the same storyline - "guy works hard AND gets lucky, then becomes rich and happy and stuff." ^ cultural changes; used to be that you only stayed dependent if you were lazy/liked it, now you need luck as well as pluck to get anywhere

Ida Wells-Barnett
- born a slave but emancipated as a child, got an education, made friends with a number of successful black businessmen - 1891, her friends are accused of rape and lynched; real reason was b/c they were economic competitors with whites - Ida writes to the newspaper, says "they were respectable, God-fearing, all-around nice, lyched for being successes" -> run out of Memphis - becomes activist, writes the Red Record (an expose of various lynching) ^ African-American response: try to tell the world and get sympathy

Lizzie Borden
- Fallriver MA, 1892, fall - father/mother misers, though rich; lived a miserable life in a bad part of town, no plumbing even - no friends, since too rich for poor people but too unfashionable for rich people - eventually Lizzie snaps, gives em 40 or so whacks with an ax -> not guilty because "could a woman do this?" - lives out rest of life well-off but alone ^ marks difficulties of even upper-class women

McCormick Strike
- McCormick company, started off small, eventually got larger and larger (1000+ workers); made farm equipment, mostly mechanized but some parts still required skilled labor -> workers around for long time, he knew them all (almost) -> convivial, more relaxed atmosphere - Sirus McCormick had different life than father, went to Princeton, easy life/childhood, not much contact w/ workers at the factory; when his father died ~1885, he inherited factory -> went to work trying to erase atmosphere of factory, get workers to fully obey him - problem is that it's mostly skilled laborers, all Irish, have a union -> in past, would call police, but police force all Irish -> no strike break-up from police, no stopping strikers from beating up the scabs -> strikes very effective - strike could completely stop work strikers pissed, ask unskilled laborers to strike (but they have to join the KoL, since unskilled not allowed in McCormick union) -> Sirus buys newfangled expensive equipment to replace skilled workers, hires scabs -> pisses off strikers -> strikers discovers that Sirus, having given money to polit campaign for ppl who wanted to be mayor, asked in return for the mayor to change the police force - strike about raising wages, no limits to toilet time -> new machines, new scabs, says scabs will get 8-hour work day -> strikers majorly pissed, but new police force prevents them from doing anything -> strike lasts until May 1886 ^ history behind Haymarket

Munn vs. State of Illinois
- 1877; Grange, through cooperatives, manages to topple grain elevator monopoly of Munn in IL - Munn tries to sue Grange, but Supreme Court rules that the State can overturn RR decisions, can regulate - "his right to a grain elevator < good of public" ^ producerist opposition provides alternatives to corporate capitalist domination

National Baseball League
- 1876, founding of the National Baseball League - originally a proto-arist. game (needed time, equipment) -> popularized by rough -> moneymaker; "respectable" capitalist lines, with competing Leagues/other swallowed up - impersonalization + loss of identity -> "fanatic" devotion to teams - desire for order masks ambivalence towards successful rule-breakers - celebrities vs. heros; re-writing the definitions, blurring the lines ^ metaphor for urban life: impersonalization, desire for order, re-writing rules and values

Ocala Platform
- 1890 meeting in Ocala, Florida, by all the Populist leaders - created a platform demanding: 1. the abolition of national banks 1a. the establishment of subtreasuries (grain elevators) w/ no more than 2% annual interest 1b.$50 to every person 2. gov to pass laws to protect futures of those in agriculture/factory works 3. free silver coinage 4. "those who work the land, own the land" (take it from the RRs and absentee landlords) 5. graduated income tax 6. gov to control communications + RRs (transportation) 7. a secret ballot ^ meeting highlighted what was wanted, concerns of people at the time ^ brought together whites, blacks, workers, farmers... all who wanted some deal in this ^ vision of a "positive state" (negative punishes wrongdoers, positive helps the decent folk) ^ popular because of hard times

Pacific RailRoad Act
- 1862 - gave RR corporations land + loans - 200 feet of right-of-way on both sides, plus 20 sq. miles alternating on each side - loans, ex. 16K/mi of track, later upped when Pacific Central was going into the mountains - land subsidies... ^ Triumph of government-supported capitalism: government sides/will side with the corporations ^ unprecedented corruption, ex. bribes from RRs to gov. officials

Panic of 1873
- hampered a lot of Reconstruction in South - made people worry less about plight of freed blacks; more focus on the self

Pinkertons
- RRs hired mercenaries/"detectives" for private armies - most famous agency is the Pinkertons -> eventually, all known as Pinkertons - by turn of century, more registered Pinkertons than ppl in the army - thugs, spies (infiltrate communities, locate union leaders), agent provocateurs (instigate violence to discredit workers/unions) ^ an innovation of corporate capitalism

Plessy vs. Ferguson
- Plessy an octaroon, basically white, can pass off as such; well-off, respectable - decides "what the heck," sits in white RR car while making a fuss about how he's black -> arrested - some time later (long after actual trial), Supreme court gets case -> rules that so long as it's separate AND equal, it's fine ^ opens up legalization of segregation

Promontory Point
- UT 1869 - meeting of the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific -> much celebration - Central Pacific use Chinese as workers - hardworking, cheap, experienced w/ explosives, desperate - Union Pacific use Irish as workers - main problems are getting them to stop fighting, keeping them sober ^ boding of RR dominance; corporate challenge to producerist/republican synthesis

Pullman, IL
- area in IL where EVERYTHING us owned by Pullman - touts it as a "worker's utopia" - company makes Pullman cars (sleeping cars); fancy ones, to boot - depression of 1893; wages cut, but rents stay the same -> people go to talk to Pullamn, try to negotiate, he says "how dare you, you're fired, get out" -> people scratching heads; people pissed -> ask ARU for help - Eugene says "no" initially (knows they aren't ready for this yet; not a real part of the RR), but everyone else says yes -> b/c Debs is democratic -> help w/ boycott - general idea: don't move any trains w/ Pullman carts on them - GMA hitches mail car to trains w/ Pullman cars -> RR workers messing with the mail -> can call in the federal gov. - lawyer sent to investigate, finds no violence but told by John Altgeld to "get out of here, everything's under control, you'll cause trouble" (true) -> goes back, says "fishy, not under control, you should check it out" -> injunction on Debs + other union leaders: "no more meetings, no talking about boycott" -> they break injunction, arrested, thrown in jail - boycott weakens w/o leaders; introduction of troops doesn't help -> fights -> violence -> discredited

Robert Charles
- 1890s, black man Robert Charles moves to New Orleans, LA - joins a group to raise funds to move blacks to Africa (have given up on equality) - sells magazines for the group to raise funds, self-educated - 1899 he + other blacks greatly angered by a lynching (Sam Owes in GA) - one day, he + friends playing cards, white police come up to them and tell them to "stop gambling," -> fight -> shots, Charles + one of the white cops wounded -> Charles flees, cops find out where he's hiding -> knock on door -> he shoots two cops, flees - scapegoat rioting begins, w/ lynching of many innocent blacks - 3 days later, on July 21st, a black informer reveals where Robert is hiding -> he kills two more people, holes himself up for 2 hours -> kills 3 more, wounds 20, doesn't get shot himself -> eventually smoked out by a burning mattress -> shot in back, caught, killed horribly - takes 1500 troops to restore order to the area - informer later found killed ^ rough African-American response to subordination

San Francisco Race Riot
- August 1877 - Great Strike spread, reached San Fran area - owners aren't easy targets, so even though workers are pissed at RRs they target the Chinese - -> anti-Chinese riots in the name of the RRs ^ problem = RRs, but frustration taken out on easier targets ^ later law passed restricting immigration of Chinese

Sand Creek Massacre
- Chivington a Methodist minister preaching anti-slavery; when in trouble, preaches with rifles at hand; also politically active, becomes an officer (ambitious) - 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie promises land + supplies for the Indians if they moved to reservations -> Civil war, Indians low priority, not cared for -> 1860s, Indian/white conflicts spring up -> 1864, Colorado, Indians attack, kill, mutilate family of whites -> outcry -> Chivington leads attack on a peaceful reservation "in revenge" -> kills, mutilates, bring back genitals as trophies to Denver ^ "Nits make lice" attitude towards Indians, Chivington doesn't get in any trouble

Santa Clara County vs. Southern Pacific RR
- 1885; Southern Pacific RR is only RR in Santa Clara County - Santa Clara County regulates prices to prevent shipping + transport from getting too expensive (monopoly) - RR lawyers cry foul, claim a corporation=person, and has the rights of a person ^ innovations of corporate capitalism: government protection, as the State can't infringe on individuals' rights

Santee Sioux Uprising
- Santees starving on a reservation, leave to hunt, come across whites w/ livestock - livestock easier to catch/kill then wild animals -> conflicts -> deaths ^ unofficial army policy of genocide

Social Darwinism
- take basic idea of Darwinism, "survival of the fittest" - apply to people; those who prosper are inherently worthy and fitter - also apply to society; will evolve and get better over time, notwithstanding anything anyone actually does ^ bad attitude towards government aid for ppl; "messing with the natural order" ^ innovations of corporate capitalism: intellectual/cultural changes to help in public acceptance ^ complete faith in this (by well-off people) marks "science as the new religion"

Taylorism
- Frederick Windslow Taylor, anal about efficiency, organizes better factory setups - times workers in a factory with a stopwatch, notes how long it takes for each, then informs managers how to better arrange the workers/etc. for max efficiency ^ innovation of corporate capitalism: people are only cogs in the machine

Tom Watson
1885, Georgia - a member of the Southern Farmer's Alliance (white) in Georgia - said a very insightful thing while at a (bi-racial) meeting: "you are made to hate each other so that it's easier for others to use you" - new planter aristocracy fears that ppl will realize it's not race, it's class that's the big issue -> goes to Watson's house - go to kill him, but find his house well-protected by both black and white FA members ^ Bi-racial Populism in the South
 * note - later, he becomes a raving racist

US vs. Cruikshank
- Cruikshank one of the leaders of the Colfax Massare - tried not for the murder of blacks, but for not allowing blacks to vote (wtf?) - gov. says, "only applies if state discriminates, not if individuals" ^ federal gov. prohibits only state discrimination ^ indicative of gov. = conservative majority @ the time

Wabash Case
- most RRs go through more than one state; control? - decided that only the federal gov. could have control over interstate projects - basically overturns Munn vs. Illinois, as the State no longer has control ^ innovations of corporate capitalism: government protection, the federal gov. has all the power

W.E.B. DuBois
- Booker T. Washington's rival (?) - lived in a town w/ whites, didn't really experience any racism until high school - goes to Harvard, gets a very good education - "talented tenth" (?) - founds a movement -> NAACP

Yellowstone
- 1872, group of "movers and shakers" (power brokers) are lost - find geysers of Yellowstone -> tourism! - "Let's build a RR right through!" - "No, let's build it a bit away -> preserve it, but still will get $" ^ idea of a National Park born -> conservation, public land policy