Unit+7+-+Progressivism,+World+War+1,+and+the+Roaring+Twenties

=1900-1929=

American Exceptionalism
- before 1890s, US not a world power: no foreign policy, 13th most powerful nation militarily, anti-colonial traditions -> no colonization - 1890s, industrializatoin -> industrial capitalism motivations, looking for: markets, resources, labor pools - - plenty of colonizable land that would provide resources; markets,; cheap, controllable, exploitable labor - - need excuses, new ideals, idealogical rationales/rationalizations to justify expansion/exploitation/colonization - > American Exceptionalism - Manifest Destiny: this place is good, where to next? We're god's chosen people, we should spread, we're //supposed// to spread. - Social Darwinism: superiority of WASPs; America "better" b/c Democracy, "opportunity", etc. -> superior; "White man's burden" to Americanize/educate savages; change in values; based on material wealth, idea of survival of the "fittest" - Protestant evangelicalism: "we are the people of god"; cultural genocide (via killing and "education"), religion of respectability ^ Justifications/rationalizations for colonization + other various actions

__Influence of Sea Power Upon History__
- Alfred T. Mahan (The Man) an intellectual, also a naval officer in the practically defunct American navy; nothing to do. - researches -> book saying, "the great powers always had strong navies -> if we want to become a real world power, needs a navy." - buddy/friends w/ many influential people, very influential himself; ate lunch with John Hayes, William Howard Taft, George Dewey, Theodor Roosevelt, Henry Adams (grandson of John Quincy Adams)... ^ many people (ex. Kaiser, President) see importance of a navy -> build up

Queen Liliuokalani
- missionaries to go Hawaii -> sons/daughers planters, sugar - hearing of US giving subsidies to American sugar companies -> want in, but must be American - 1893, stage set for a coup - popular queen of Hawaii whose queenship was ursurped by Americans/"rebels" trying to "liberate" the island from her rule - Cleveland cries BS, so does everyone else -> unexpected moment of clear thinking ^ counterpoint to what will happen for the rest of the time

Butcher Weyler
- Spanish trying to control Cuba; Cubans resisting, so much fighting/use of force - Weyler puts Cubans in concentration camps where many die of disease - hence, "Butcher" Weyler ^ one genuine rational to invade Cuba - humanitarianism, sympathy for the Cubans (similar situation to the founding of America)

Yellow Press
- method of reporting that downplays certain things to make way for the sensationalist stuff - sells papers, but leads to biased/false reporting - plus, other important but boring stuff gets left out

__Maine__
- 1898; American warship in Havana harbor (Cuba) explodes -> kills 260 people - who responsible? Spanish? Cubans? Accident? - snatch up the story - blame it on the Spanish, reason to go to war (real cause was determined later, was an accident) - however, later, McKinley send statement to Sp. -> says, "it was a mine, unknown who did it, so not war over //that//" ^ not an official reason for war, but affected the situation somewhat and moved public opinion

Teller Amendment
- basically says, "we'll leave you guys alone..." and not take profit in helping you - then, in tiny tiny tiny text, "but we say nothing about the other islands..." (i.e. Philippines) ^ leaves other places open to Americans

San Juan Hill
- Cuba's one big land battle - fighters were the 9th and 10th cavalry (blacks) and Teddy Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" - RRs were real cowboys/militarists, actually did fight - BUT, most of the fighting was done by the 9th and 10th cavalry; Teddy + Riders got most of the credit ^ publicity for Teddy Roosevelt. war heros make good presidents.

Platt Amendment
- says US can intrude if others encroach upon the independence of other nations (ex. Cuba) - sort of the antithesis of the Teller Amendment

Emilio Aquinaldo
- Philippine nationalists leader (Marti) - exiled by Sp. in 1897, sent to Hong Kong; picked up by Americans who trained + armed him better, then -> back to the Philippines w/ some American help ^ used by Am. to take the Philippines for themselves

Open Door Policy
- John Hayes suggests Open Door Policy (ODP) - "All countries have free access to trade [w/ all parts of China]" - no blocking off trade to certain nations, etc. Not disagreed with by anyone, some take advantage of - from a position of weakness - America wants to enter into trade w/ parts of China, but can't butt in and take a sphere of influence, so they issue something that seems fairly reasonable and common-sense-ical -> they get in ^ becomes hallmark of American foreign policy

Ford Sociology Department
- Henry Ford a tinkerer/inventor, interested in autos -> builds own car in garage, too large so he has to break garage to get out - becomes obsessed w/ cars, thinks everyone should have one, but so far only the richest can afford -> works on making cars cheaper -> works on efficiency/expertise -> ASSEMBLY LINE -> $500 price Model T - realizes that though he's made it cheaper, available to middle class, working class no time/money -> higher wages, shorter hours -> free time + money to spend -> revolutionizes everything; workers get the hours and wages they've been wanting for a long time....and buy his cars for themselves. beginnning or workers becoming consumers too. ^ changes econ. system ^ changes social/cultural norms of time and space (can travel further, faster...) - Ford Sociology Department employs newly-minted sociologists from University of Chicago; a new field (sociology) - uses them to find out who his most dependable (controllable) workers are - via interviews, they find the most controllable are married, church-going, and sober ^ highlighting of emphasis on __efficiency__ and __expertise__ during this period; "The First Language of Progressivism"

Ida Tarbell
- a muckraker (exposé journalist; muckrakes would dig up dirt on politicians, innovators and industrialists. No celebrities at the time. Didn't find scandals and such; instead looked for things that would hurt others - hired in 1902 by McClure's magazine; given job of researching/reporting on John D. Rockerfeller - after months/years of hard work, came to the conclusion that he would do anything to ruin competitors -> monopoly - personal axe to grind, as he was so ruthless he'd ruined his own brother as well as Ida's father - bought out politicians, made deals with RRs... - social standing ruined b/c of Ida Tarbell ^ muckrakers took stance of __pro-order__ and to the __defense of traditional morality__; "The Second Language of Progressivism"

__The Jungle__
- novel written by Upton Sinclair, a muckraker; an exposé on the meatpacking industry - described fully the horrors of the industry; how workers, esp. poor immigrant workers, are continually beat down; esp. the gross EVERYTHING about it all (never eat sausage ever again...) - last 20 pages or so a socialist rant (Sinclair was a socialist) - was aiming to hit America's heart, inspire pity -> reform to help immigrants, workers - instead, hit them in the stomach and got a Pure Food and Drug law passed - meant to inspire Socialism, but most ppl ignored that part ^ muckrakers took stance of __pro-order__ and to the __defense of traditional morality__; "The Second Language of Progressivism"

Hull House
- Jane Addams a wealthy woman, high status with nothing to do - sets up settlement houses (one being Hull House in Chicago) to Americanize immigrants; idea was that "the faster they become American, the faster they'll get a better chance of getting out of poverty" - English taught in the houses as well as various skills, other basic things - to help out in general life, to know the ropes and such - gave wealthy, well-to-do women something to do with their lives; gave their lives meaning ^ objective + subjective: objective- poor people need help. Subjective- meaning for life for upper-class women ^ much of the "helping poor people" had to do with 'positive racism': they're inferior, so we must raise them up by educating them; social darwinism, "race life," unstated kingdom of god on Earth... improving human race... //progressivism//. ^ social justice, secular - "The Second Language of Progressivism"

Acme Sucker Rod Company
- Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones; self-made immigrant (Welsh), started off poor but worked his way up (like Carnegie) - made in in Toledo, Ohio w/ oil (the first to drill there), but then ousted by Rockerfeller; took Rockerfeller's offer and started up a new life with his Acme Sucker Rod Company (wtf?) - one day passed by a sigh and some men; "please, need work"; struck by how people who //want// to work can't find work -> starts reading -> converted to idea of social gospel, religious visions, idea of social justice, Millenialism... -> goes back to his company and starts revamping things: everything run on the "golden rule," unheard of actions (before Henry Ford, in the times when unkindnesses were common); gets rid of foremen, 8 hour work day, $2/day wages, paid vacations, Christmas bonuses, periodic breaks in work to read them poetry and/or lead them in song... - still making buttloads of $$$; even says that he takes 70% of all profits, and laughs at how people "call me a saint." - key idea being "not charity: justice!" - during election time, someone enters him in the hopes of sucking off votes from another candidate -> he wins mayorship of Toledo, sets about w/ many reforms... - reforms: higher wages and shorter hours for city workers, homeless shelters, temp. job opportunities for wanderers, natural gas plant owned by city (COMMUNISM!)... whenever having to judge a prostitution case, would make the men in court pay the "fine" and make one bring her home to work ("it's not your fault; if you could find an actual job, you wouldn't be driven to this. Men are to blame, and men shall pay") - fairly popular mayor, re-elected 3 times - discussion in city hall about streetcart company/system to be set up in the city; Samuel says, "the city should own it," Company says, "hell no, you'll suck up the profits, it should be privately owned"... debate goes on, then Samuel dies. The end of that. - later, when strikes pop up in the area, a person notices workers not picketing the Acme Sucker Rod company -> "Why?" -> "Out of respect for Samuel 'Golden Rule' Jones" ^ social justice; social gospel, religious visions, Millenialism... religious - "The Second Language of Progressivism"

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
- state before: working women in the worse positions w/ lower pay, same if not longer hours, sexual harassment among other things... - NY, 1911; the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, a sweatshop. Floors 7-10 of a building. The women (mostly young immigrants who needed work; not there b/c they wanted to but b/c they needed to) would sneak off to smoke or meet with boyfriends or whatever, so the factory owners locked up in the morning to "decrease inefficiency." - one day in March a fire breaks out on the 7th floor. The doors are locked, so the women pile into the elevator; it breaks and falls to the bottom... and things only get worse. It's a clothing factory, so a lot of flammable material -> fire starts really blazing. No way to get out. Fire trucks come, but ladders only reach to the 6th floor... people start jumping, hundreds of deaths... and the owners have to "compensate" by paying $75 a head for each dead. - owners otherwise get off scot-free, even with there having been so many horrified onlookers and dead people splats on the sidewalk - some safety reforms made ^ Progressivism and women; spec. working women

IWW
- "Industrial Workers of the World," aka the Wobblies - started in the NE - big union, behind the idea of "one big union" - all workers could join - very radical, militant, not at all uncomfortable with violence... - pushed for anarcho-syndicalism ^ the radicals in Progressivism and labor (as opposed to the more moderate Socialist party w/ it's Marxist agenda)

Philippine Exhibit
-1904, in honor of the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804 (late 1803), World Fair in Forest Park, St. Louis, IL - one exhibit - Filipino villages w/ actual Filipinos brought over from the Philippines - villages progressed from stone-age dog-eaters to an Americanized village - entire point was to show "proof" that Americans were helping, to justify what was being done... - "good racism" ^ Social Darwinism, "helping to speed up the evolution of the human race" - Progressivism again

Samuel Kendrick
- 1908, Duncan, MS - Samuel Kendrick a black landowner, fairly well-off and respectable (for a black in the South...) - one day a sharecropper goes to him, says "my landowner has been cheating me out, can i sharecrop with you?" - Samuel says "yeah, sure," sends wagon over to help the sharecropper move - next day, bunch of whites come w/ the original landowner; accuse Samuel Kendrick of "stealing" sharecroppers -> beat him near to death with axe handles - he survives, but goes, "f*ck this shit" -> wants to move North (but dies from pneumonia before actually moving, though) - most blacks moving North are fairly privileged, respectable, educated... the poorest, worse-off can't move (would get caught "escaping") and/or don't know how to get North - The Great Migration, referring to the mass migration of blacks after Jim Crow + other deterioration ^ Progressivism not seeming to touch minorities; the limits of black non-dependence; the deterioration of the situation in the South for blacks

Springfield Race Riot
- 1908, Springfield IL - had been experiencing a slow incr. in the black pop. as blacks moved North to escape the South - racism in North still prevalent - black communities separate from whites; vices allowed in black communities (ex. not arrested for fighting, rowdiness, gambling...) not allowed in white communities; would get arrested - summer of 1908, black man gets in a fight with a white RR engineer -> kills him; not too big a deal, arrested and thrown in jail - a few days later, white women runs out screaming: "rape! A black man!" -> poor unfortunate at the wrong place and time arrested and thrown in jail - mob gathers, goes to jail; need help keeping the mob out; wealthy restaurant owner w/ can offers car as help - pile the blacks into the car, drive them off -> crowd realizes they've been duped, go on rampage - destroy the restaurant and car when it gets back; go to black communities and begin burning, killing... - lynch an elderly, respected black barber; go into a white community and lynch the only black man in it - militia come to calm things down; when all's calm, final count is 4 whites and 2 blacks killed - people shocked; Springfield where //Lincoln// was born, for crying out loud! Lincoln, who freed the blacks! ^ as a direct response, resp. blacks + supporting whites create the NAACP ^ continuing racism, backwards slide even... Progressivism not here.

NAACP
- 1909, NAACP founded in direct response to the Springfield Race Riots - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ^ black Progressive response

Trust-Busting
- Teddy Roosevelt an aristocrat, not an investor or industry man or proto-aristocrat... outside view on what was going on at the time - differentiation between good monopolies/trusts, when everyone benefits, and bad monopolies/trusts, in which only a few people benefit, and often at the cost of many others - pulls up Sherman Anti-Trust act, says he'll reinforce it... on actual companies and trusts, not the unions - starts by sic'ing the Attourney General on a RR; J.P. Morgan (steel) left alone b/c he was willing to cooperate, but Standard Oil, American Tobacco Company, DuPont Company all hounded. ^ crackdown on trusts; continued by next president, Taft, though he wasn't as discriminating

Anthracite Coal Strike
- 1902, coal strike -> fairly successful - coal prices soar; 10x normal price, people and even schools, factories cannot afford -> winter coming in NE, so uneasiness - owners refuse to cooperate, meet w/ union leaders; very arrogant, very rude - prez. sees trouble, strike + owners' attitudes endangering country -> decides to step in - Roosevelt not industrialist or proto-aristocrat, so objective - coal miners ask him to arbitrate b/c of objectiveness; owners refuse to meet or compromise - some places, militia protection for those who want to work -> miners, "WTF NO!"; shows views that workers really want to work (misguided view; thinking of workers as mindless) - owners ask for federal help to arrest union leaders (like in past cases) -> TR says no - American ppl begin to demand that TR/the gov. take over, own the mines (SOCIALISM!) *shows how mainstream socialism, socialist ideas have become - even Grover Cleveland, the former prez, sick of the owners' attitudes... - eventually TR says, "public safety at risk; if owners + miners can't meet and agree on something, I'll have to intervene"; not bluffing - owners still refuse to meet w/ union leaders, so Roosevelt takes on, calls him a sociologist, brings to the meeting -> owners extremely rude and grumpy - settle upon higher wages, lower hours... compromise, but also - owners do not have to recognize union; bad for miners, but only way to get a deal - country greatly relieved ^ new type of presidency born: Active Progressive

Danbury Hatter' Case
- Danbury, CT, 1908 - hatters go on strike vs. company E.C. Loewe - effective, company forced to halt productions -> sues hatter's union for "restrain of trade" - Supreme Court sides w/ Loewe, plus claims that b/c workers cost the owner thousands of dollars, must pay back 3x what they owe ^ chilling effect on unions throughout America; fear of harsh retribution ^ AFL decides that's enough, Gompers says "time for politics - reward friends, punish enemies"

Roosevelt Corollary
- 1904, corollary to Munroe docterine - TR claims "US now policeman of Western Hemisphere; will intervene if we deem necessary" - 1907, 2nd largest navy, so power to back the words ^ next 100 or so years, use regularly, sometimes w/ horrible results

Panama Canal
-1903; canal wants to be made; suggested by Alfred T. Mann - several select spots in South America, but 1st choice Niceragua volcanic, 2nd choice Panama controlled by Columbia - Panama nationalists in area, so US decided to rile them up - Columbia refuses US' paltry offer to buy Panama -> unleash the nationalists! - canal construction; many die in project, esp. from disease - scientist Walter Reed studied yellow fever, formerly thought to be caused by bad air; discovered at cost of own life that the real vector was mosquitoes -> preventative measures save many lives; hospital named after him ^ Panama canal built; A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!

Bull Moose Party
- election of 1912, spots in all parties filled - parties: Democrats, Republicans, Socialists - nominees: Taft, Wilson, Eugene Debs resp. - Roosevelt: "fine, I'll make my own part - known as Bull Moose!" - all Progressive candidates - pop. vote: Wilson 42%, Taft 27%, Debs 6%, Roosevelt 23% - shows 2/3 Americans Progressive in some way - Electoral vote: Wilson 400+, Debs 0 -> Wilson wins

Ludlow Massacre
- Ludlow, CO - in South and Central CO, many Rockerfeller oil and iron Co.s, now owned by Rockerfeller Jr. - coal mines surrounded by coal towns controlled by companies; no unions, workers paid only $1.68/day in scripts, no Populist/Darwinian/etc. literature allowed - immigrant workers exploited, forced to vote as the owners choose, otherwise faced with losing jobs; company had hired diverse immigrants, mainly from South and East Europe and Mexico, to create language and culture barriers and discourage/make more difficult the creation of unions; despite efforts, secret union organization goes on, ex. UMWA (United Mine Workers of America) - Sept 1913, Trinidad, CO; UMWA organizer Gerry Lippiatt murdered by Baldwin-Felts agents -> UMWA calls for strike w/ mediation from co-owners to meet miner's demands (8 hr work day, raise wages, etc.) -> CO Fuel Industry (CFI) refuses mediation, fires and evicts all striking miners -> fall of 1913, 12K miners setting up tent cities - BF agents kill more miners; Rockerfeller Jr. says "anything is justified to keep those miners from the nasty unions," - Nov., Nat'l. guard come but only act as extension of the BF agents; CFI secures bankers of city -> loan $ to CO to pay for militia - militia led by psychopathic sadist Karl Linderfelt; violence continues, w/ newspapers controleld by CFI making it look like the miner's fault - George Belcher (Lippiatt's murderer) tried and exonerated -> gunned down next day by miners - Aprile 24, 1914, Karl attacks tent city called Ludlow -> men run away, trying to draw fight from the tents, where the women and children are hiding in ditches in the tents -> tents set on fire -> 2 women, 11 children killed -> "The Ludlow Massacre" - miners attack militia -> 3 militia, 30 miners + strike leader killed - Woodrow under pressure -> asks for settlement but denied by Rockerfeller Jr. -> Woodrow sends troops -> 74 more dead miners - Dec. 1914, Union bankrupt and forced to call off strike -> US hearing about events -> Rockerfeller Jr. apologizes, proposes company-owned union (looks good but useless); large party held so miners will look good in the public eye ^ no more UMWA, more sympathy towards pro-labor laws ^ Woodrow passes more Progressive legislation

Clayton Anti-Trust Act
much stronger than Sherman anti-trust act

__Lusitania__
- 1915, British passanger liner Lusitania sails from NY to Britain - secretly and illegal has secret hold for transporting munitions to Britain - Germans know and send out warning telling Americans to not board the shit -> no one listens - German U-boat shoots torpedo at ship, hits munitions and explodes -> 1000+ die - played up in papers -> outrage ^ makes many Americans more inclined towards joining the war

Zimmerman Note
- Germany sends Zimmerman note to Mexico asking for help in war in exchange for securing American succession for Mexico after war is over -> letter intercepted, published - outrage ^ America joins war

A.E.F.
Made America feel important when we swung tide in Allie's favor. Continued Progressive confidence.

Sin-free Zones
- WWI - in order to keep army efficient, cut out temptations - created "sin-free" zones/bases, no liquor stores/liquor allowed, no women, no gambling, etc. - was okay in America but greatly amused the French, who offered "guaranteed disease-free" prostitutes -> Americans outraged by French; "A German bullet is cleaner than a French whore" ^ first language of Progressivism, efficiency

Great Migration
- WWI; white workers leave to fight, need for replacements - immigrants leaving Eur. for safety/better life/better chances - blacks from South; labor scouts arrested for taking blacks away from South, fear that they'll lose their exploitable controllable labor force - immigrants + blacks working in North, factories and such ^ increase in racial/etc. tensions

East St. Louis Race Riot
- just really bad, whites rampaging through black neighborhoods killing and burning and stuff... few whites killed/injured, more blacks ^ result of Great Migration; increased racial tensions + job competition, neighborhoods

Committee on Public Information
- propaganda committee

Robert Prager
- killed for being German - German baker, brought out and beat and such, asked "what have you done for the war effort?" "nothing" -> force him to do many things, ex. kneel and kiss the flag, then -> hang him

Sedition Act
- progressivism needs efficiency, dissent decreases efficiency -> get rid of dissent - Sedition act says: illegal to talk publicaly against war, avoid draft, etc. things that will hamper the war effort - Debs arrested, sent to jail for 10 years

__Schenck vs. U.S.__
- German decides he doesn't like the war -> arrested - calls on his rights, claims unconstitutional - Supreme Court says it is constitutional since you can't yell "fire" in a movie theatre -> sent to jail

Fourteen Points
- fourteen points made by Woodrow Wilson; things to impliment in the post-war world - ex. open diplomacy (no more secret treaties) - freedom of trade (always an American thing) - cultural self-determination (turning a blind eye to some things, though) - police force, international, intended to prevent countries from invading one another - went to Europe to est. new moral order -> loved by many - but all the leaders of Eur. did't- were cynical, rude, corrupt, vindictive... - basically left all his 14 points out of the treaty they did end up making - Woodrow: victory or loss? Chose victory, since managed to get the League into the treaty - back in the US, pointed out that only Dems were brought to Europe -> bipartisan - not legit ?

Versailles Treaty
- made Germany pay back everything from the war + more; unfair - included Woodrow's "League of Nations" idea - accepted by Woodrow, but in US things are split (Woodrow only brought Democrats w/ him to Eur. for the arrangements); part loyalty plus some general actual dislike of it - divides Americans

19th Amendment
-1919 - women's sufferage; gain the right to vote ^ Prog.

Seattle General Strike
- Feb. 1919 - after WWI over; end of wartime economy - Seattle a maj. center of production during WWI (navy) - after war, soldiers coming back to no jobs, change in economy, general chaos/confusion - ppl. working in Seattle realize that gains made there would be wiped out - radicals take a stance, plan a general strike (somehow hoping that they'd cause an economical collapse followed by some sort of rebuilding that would benefit them) ^ alienates mid. class and conserv. unions, creates fear of chaos

Boston Police Strike
- late 1919, BPD decides the aren't getting paid enough -> strike, stop working until they get better pay - people go, "uuuh..." realize they're pretty much at the mercy of the police until demands are met - Gov. Calvin Coolidge (not living in Boston) fires them all, hires new replacements; tensions in the in-btw; old force has the guns, will they give them up? - really scares Americans, puts strikes in a bad light -> ^ reaction: striking, labor movements of any kind, are seen in a bad light ^ security > justice, general mid. class attitude

Chicago Race Riot
- bckgrund: more blacks moving in b/c Great Migration -> job, neighborhood/land tensions; also general scapegoating due to economic problems - segregated beaches - one day in July, blacks go to their beach to swim -> one, Eugene Williams, gets carried by the current to the white section - whites start yelling, cursing at person -. either doesn't react or can't hear -> whites throw rocks at him -> a rock hits him on the head -> he drowns - police called, muck about for a bit before leaving, blacks mad - start of another race riot; start w/ whites invading + burning + whatever in black neighborhoods, per usual - then, blacks fight back, start invading white neighborhoods and doing the same; cry of "No more East St. Louis!" - eventually, after a few days and a little "help", things quiet down - final count: 25 dead blacks, 17 dead whites; more "even"

Phillips County, AR
- background: postwar upheaval + returning veterans spark more scapegoating in South - AR white-dominated, most of population working blacks w/ white plantation owners and such - 1919, union springs up - "Progressive Household and Farmer's Union" (PHFU) - Progressive, farmers = sharecroppers b/c often plantation owners would screw their sharecroppers over - Sept. 1919, union holding meeting in a church in Hoopspur, AR; white sheriff deputy + white RR worker come, harass, shoot -> blacks shoot back, kill one and other runs to nearby town of Ilane (white-dom; black saloon owner there killed b/c too successful); sheriff deputizes all men -> 300 whites go out shooting blacks, regardless of anything (shoot black dentist brothers, 4, coming back from fishing trip in a carriage) - in end, though count was 11 blacks dead, over 200 more likely; some 30 blacks arrested (and 1 white, the union lawyer); trial a joke, all-white jury w/ mostly white witnesses, black witnesses having been tortured first to cooperate; 45 minute trial, 3 minutes of deliberation by jury; all guilty, sentenced to be exectured - NAACP sends investigators (one being future NAACP prez, Walter White, who could pass off as white); intervenes, but takes 10 years for Supreme Court to free all ^ indicative of racial tensions ^ indicative of need for control/to keep white supremacy afloat

American Legion
- founded in 1919 for sole purpose of American vigilantism - to "foster and perpetuate 100% Americanism" - "be ready for action against radicalism" - consisting mainly of veterans - uses leftover hate from Huns -> the Reds - now, quiet drinks and baseball ^ antiradicalism run amok

Wesley Everett
- Centralia, WA; meeting place for Wobblies, plenty of radicalism in WA (ex. Seattle General strike) - Nov. 11, 1919, during a parade to celebrate the 1 year anniversary since the end of WWI; American League members armed to the teeth sneak in, go to meeting house, start shooting; Wobblies having heard about this are inside, armed as well; shootout->panic -> all AL members dead, Wobblies arrested - @ night, w/ some cahoots with the sheriff, mob comes in, pulls out of jail Wesley Everett (think he's the leader), beat him, castrate him, cut off his genitalia, he begs for death -> take him down to the RR and hang him; coronor's report, "suicide" - Wobblies convicted of deaths of AL members -> jail for life - everyone in town knows what really happened, but nothing happens...

Palmer raids
- Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer - Jan. 1st, 1920, raid on suspected communists, rounded up radicals - only found 3 guns, deported Alexander Berkman + others - Palmer goes on to create the American Protective League - 12K local units w/ jobs of informing on suspected radicals - racism; communists have sloping brows, misshapen features... - Mayday 1920, claims there will be bombings all over country -> panic -> nothing happens - Sept. 1920, Wall St. bomb kills/wounds several, - by 1920 ppl. coming to their senses, realizing Palmer's a nut, so in late 1920 when Palmer tries to push for a peacetime sedition act, ppl. go, "uh, no. Also, we're not voting for you in the prez. election." - but damage has been done -> ^ ppl. more willing to accept vigilantism ^ immigration limits to keep out communists ^ sudden change from Prog./Socialist to Anti-Prog./Soc.

Sacco and Vanzetti
- 1923, armored car driver killed, money stolen -> blame on socialists -> find Sacco and Vanzetti, caught and tried (a joke), sentenced to death; appeals of no use, Progressives/Socialists outcry, but eventually executed ^ fate of radicals, attitude towards
 * note that new light has been shed, letters btw Upton Sinclair and defense lawyer saying they //were// guilty, but hush, the socialists have a bad enough name already

Black Sox Scandal
- baseball = American, pure, uncorrupt, "safe" - players manipulated, used; lack of control; contract is everything - 1919, White Sox dominating, pitcher Ed. Cicotte, good player, contract ends but he wants o keep playing, asks for raise "no, but you'll get a $10,000 bonus if you win 30 games" -> pissed, but has to take the offer -> wins 29 games, then kept ouf by Chomsky who wants to use him for the World Series ->angered - gamblers on the sport -> contact White Sox player, goes to Ed, "we'll get paid to throw the game" (gamblers will make $$$ betting on the underdogs, the Reds) -> Ed says only if he gets the $10,000 "bonus" -> throw the game, but ham-handed -> investigation - owners, "we need control" -> commissioner of baseball, Kenisall Mt. Landis -> players not convicted but thrown out of baseball forever (including an innocent, Buck Weaver, who refused to rat his buddies out) - called the Black Sox scandal b/c black=bad - players walking out, little kid tearfully says to Shoeless Joe Jackson, "Say it ain't so, Joe." ^ baseball, corrupt?! End of year of Disillusionment

Teapot Dome
- James Harding a non-entity nominated by the Republicans for president, b/c easily manipulated - cabinet members all horribly... odd, with Stupidly Corrupt Albert Fall being one of the worst - Fall in charge of nat'l. lands and parks, gave big chunk of land in WY and oil company; chunk called Teapot Dome (why? who knows) - caught and sent to jail, mostly for stupidity ^ indicative of, well... Harding is known as the worse president, ever.

Prohibition
- pre: assault on respectability by rough and proto-aristocratic - in attempt to retain resp., banned drinking/making alcohol/etc. - 1919 - ethnic tinge to it, since many immigrant cultures had alcohol tied in to their culture (ex. communion wine) - incr. in crime, incr. in general disregard for laws - rise of businessmen ex. Al Capone ^ respectability besieged in an Age of Play

__The Birth of a Nation__
- new KKK, more resp. and aimed against the proto-aristocrats - more anti-immigrant, nativist, anti-Catholic/Semitic, pro-Protestant, than anti-black (rough not the main worry) - started in pop culture w/ former minister Thomas Dixon's book "The Klansmen," published 1905 - best seller, made into play, tours... then, in 1915, full-length 3-hour movie, first in American history - called "Birth of a Nation," about a Southern town during reconstruction. - opportunistic Northern carpetbagger and mulatto sidekick come to town, take it over, act bad, keep getting re-elected by dumb blacks, Klan rises up and saves the town, yadda yadda... ^ helps shape new Klan w/ ideas, make people more sympathetic to Klan

Leo Frank
- 1914, Atlanta GA - father owns pencil company in GA, brings Leo from NY to run factory - a resp, white, Northern Jew - 14-year-old Irish girl found raped, killed, in the basement - one witness saw a black man running away (black janitor), others saw lights in Leo's office -> blame him - Leo arrested, convicted in bogus trial to death, Governor of GA says this is bogus, lessens it to life in prison; attacked in media by Tomas Watson - some time later mob comes and gets Leo, drives him across into Alabama and kynch him - later, confession from witness - "it was the black man" - afraid for his life, so didn't say anything ^ indicative of new attitude; more anti-Semitic, anti-North/proto-aristocrat (same dif. to Southerners)

Morehouse Parish Klan
- Morehouse county in LA - 1923, sons of planters make big deal of drinking in public during Prohibition; seen outside drunk w/ black prostitutes, totally outside limits - during baseball game, Klan locates car w/ brothers in it, get everyone else out -> brothers not seen again until several months later, their bodies found in the bayou w/ genitals and hands cut off 6 operating out of limits -> okay to take matters into otnw hands; new attitude of Klan