Unit+2+-+American+Revolution+and+Constitution

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Abigail Adams
-writes letter to hubby (John Adams) saying that the Americans fought for independence so that means she’s independent too -hubby says: ha-ha NOT!!! -example traditions of deference: Mr., Mrs…etc-> you’re important cause it says you are
 * not everyone is free and independent
 * revolution leaves traditions of deference up in the air

Alien and Sedition Acts
-1798 -an attempt by Federalists to stamp out sympathy for revolutionary France -4 laws -signed by Adams -Naturalization Act lengthens time to takes for immigrants to get citizenship from 5yrs to 14yrs -Alien Act gave president to imprison or deport any foreigner believed to be dangerous to the US -Alien Enemies Act allows president to deport enemy aliens in a time of war -Sedition Act made it a crime to attack the gov’t with false and malicious statements or writings -hundreds of foreign refugees flee back to Europe in fear b/c the acts were so broadly written -Federalists use the Sedition Act to attack Republican Newspapers
 * states get the right to deem the constitutionality of federal law-> Alien and Sedition Act seen as unconstitutional
 * raises question of whether states have the right to declare acts of Congress void?

Alexander Hamilton
-illegitimate child born in St. Kits (Florida) -ostracized socially -smart, hired by a merchant who put him through college at age 16 -goes to college in NY (1770s) -encounters revolutionary fervor -becomes a patriot -1774-age 17-writes a pamphlet supporting the revolution -1776-joins army, becomes Washington’s aid to camp (bond) -Age 23-marries into a rich NY family -after war->becomes a lawyer and a Nationalist b/c of no colonial affiliation (St. Kitts birthplace) -goes to Annapolis Convention (age 30), constitutional convention, writes a bunch of the Federalist papers w/ Madison -ends up being Secretary of Treasury under Washington because he's a major suck-up -eventually dies from a gunshot wound in a duel because his gun fired too early because he tried to cheat.
 * a common man who does not like common ppl b/c of his treatment as a child
 * shows that although social deference still great, people are capable of rising up - "American dream"

Anglican bishop's controversy
- 2nd phase of Cycle of Breakdown and Crackdown - Anglican Church is the established church (all members of state or colony needs to pay taxes to the church) in soouthern colonies + England - Puritan Church is the est church in New England - Puritans hear rumor that they will receive Anglican Bishop (extension of Anglican power) - See evidence of anti-Christ (weary since Louisberg was given back and the bad preachers) -Boston: - Reaches fever pitch - Jonathan Mayhew begins to complain loudly that Apthorp is the bishop because he is building a new mansion - John Adams says rumor makes people aware of the abuses of Parliament - Church meetings every year - Rumor wasn’t true in the first place
 * Confirms the religious authoritarianism portion of “3 signs of impending tyranny” in RW ideology
 * "Ecclesiastical Stamp Act" because stirs up everyone
 * Example of tyranny -> helps eventually lead to Revolutionary War

Annapolis Convention
- 1785 - Maryland and Virginia delegates meet in Annapolis - Talk about the rivers (Potomac) - Meet again in 1786 and talk about standardized measurements - Meet again in May 1787 in Philadelphia with everyone and discusses: - Issues related to nationalistic concerns and weak decentralized government - Delegates come with their own agenda to to replace weak govt. - Ppl ok with secret meeting, as Washington + Franklin are there -Named Constitutional Convention -Want to mix democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy
 * shows states starting to come together to be a strong state
 * results in Constitution + Federalist (highly nationalist) Party

Antifederalists
-small “f” federalists -“Federalists” not actually federalists, but nationalists -Antifederalists the real federalists -nationalists got more politically acceptable name first -> federalists either commit political suicide and call themselves Nationalists, or become Anti-Federalist -Opposed to Constitution -John Hancock = prominent member Articles of Confederation -Written by John Dickinson -the confederation of Congress can: wage war, negotiate treaties, borrow/make $, try to moderate problems btw colonies - cannot: tell colonies what to do directly, tax the colonies
 * One of two political parties after the rev.
 * ”Federalists” win
 * decentralized (localized) weak central govt by definition
 * govt faces a lot of problems during and after war -> problems of war bonds and Newburgh Conspiracy

Benjamin Lincoln
-S. Carolina held by patriots, led by Lincoln (1780) -quickly surrenders to British -*shows how British eventually leave Puritan new England alone and focus South b/c the Southern colonies bring in more $ -*British have most of Carolinas under control except for guerilla groups led by Swamp Fox -Leads mercenary army that Boston merchants pay for to end Shay's Rebellion (1786) -*Shays rebellion ended, but still scares nationalit elites enough to create Constitution

"Bloody chute"
- April 18, 1775 - Paul Revere succeeds in letting Americans know that British are coming (where?) - Minutemen in Lexington meet British troops; 8 patriots are killed - Minutemen in Concord meet British troops; 2 patriots killed, 3 british troops killed - British keep marching towards Boston - All night they suffer attacks from everywhere the colonists could possibly hide - By dawn, the British troops are running to Boston - By end, 49 troops died and 39 patriots dead - Night called the “bloody chute”

Boston Port Act
- Early 1774 -Part of the Coercive Acts that Parliament passes to punish Massachusetts - Closes Boston Port off to all business until the tea is paid for
 * Chokes Boston economically
 * Part of British cracking down on the colonists and showing them what they are capable of
 * Passed at same time as Quebec Act -> adds to signs of tyranny

Christopher Sieder
-14 years old, killed in 1770 - killed during a moral economy of the crown Hillborough painting by a clump of BBs at TL's house
 * has biggest funeral in colonial history, not because he was like or well know but b/c he was a martyr
 * he wasn't that important, but his death was made to be a big deal by patriots - inciting hatred, manipulating people

Citizen Genet
- minister of Fr. Republic arrives in US April 1793 - Edmond Charles Genet, "Citizen" b/c part of the people's rev. in Fr. - mission: persuade all Am. to join "war of all peoples against all kings" - arrived not in NY where President was but in Charleston - handed out military commissions as part of plan to attack Sp. New Orleans + letters authorizing Am. to attack Br. merchant ships - stayed in the area for a while, traveling very slowly to NY - Washington saw these as in violation of neutrality, disliked very much, + was pissed about waiting - when Genet arrives @ NY, GW refuses alliance + demands Fr. take back its minister - fearing polit. turmoil in Fr. (things turned badly for his side) Genet asked + recieved political asylum Jefferson denies, but divide btw parties made larger
 * intensified party feeling, Repubs organized clubs to celebrate triumphs of Fr. Rev.
 * further intensified by Hamilton's accusations of such clubs being grass-roots opposition to the Washington administration;

Common Sense
- pamphlet made by Thomas Payne, a failed corset maker from Br. - political radical in Britain - no colonial background in the colonies -. fresh view on problem - says to the colonists: you are on a continent, why are you letting an island rule you? - uses simple language and quotes the bible
 * ppl understand him and accept his views b/c of such
 * his ideas spread quickly through colony -> incite revolutionary fervor

Continental Association
-enforcers of the boycotts -if you trade w/ Br.-> punished -b/c Jesse Dunbar buys an ox from a Br. Soldier, they stuff him in the ox carcass and cover him with Hillsborough Paint, make him pay for transportation across towns
 * colonists willing to do a lot to show they mean business
 * shows importance of colonies as money makers -> boycotts hurt England the worst

Declaratory Act
- 1766 - Parliament makes Declaratory Act as a way of maintaining a little power after Stamp Act is repealed - Parliament still has right to make laws (challenge) - NY Assembly suspended because they complained the loudest and first
 * Tension still present

Ethiopian Regiment
- slaves promised freedom if they join Lord Dunmore (the gov. of VA)'s army [to fight against the colonists] - a part of the Br. Army - get weapons and a uniform - plantation owners destroy all notices of this they can and spread the rumor that it's a Br. plot to get slaves they'll enslave elsewhere - nevertheless, several thousand slaves take the risk and flee to the Br.
 * plantation owners, frightened plus angered, are now definite radical patriots
 * drives men who many have not ever been patriots to be patriots (and not just the plantation owners, too...)
 * shows hatred of plantation owners by slaves

Federalist Papers
- May 1787 - Series of articles written by John Jay, James Madison (?), and Alexander Hamilton - Called Federalist because more appealing to public - #10 most important: - Madison lays out the political future with the Constitution - Mixed constitution with political factors around single issues that separate themselves - Hoping for no/ to prevent a 2-party system - People making decisions will be like Madison - 1792, Madison complains about his plans and how they got usurped by elites

Ft. Ticonderoga
-Battle at Ft. Ticonderoga: 1775, conquered by Ethan Allen and the Green Mt. Boys - 2nd Cont. Congress hears about it while they’re meeting - 1777, John Burgoyne, St. Leger and Howe supposed to meet there - Burgoyne not a good general (wants to act out Shakespeare, didn't want to be in the army) - slows down progress of army by stopping them to enact scenes - supposed to get to lake Champlain, gets there, defeats patriot troops - instead, hunkers down and does nothing. - Br. Officer’s fiancé gets scalped -> colonists mad - Howe supposed to go up Hudson R. to Champlain, stays in NY while Nathan Hale burns down ¼ of the city - b/c of the fiancé’s murde, Br. Troops face a lot of resistance ex. blocked roads, flooded rivers, changed road signs - runs out of food -> sends German mercenaries for supplies -> they get whooped at Bennington by patriots
 * Cont. Congress being pushed in a more radical direction
 * down to moderates and radicals
 * b/c of the fiancé’s murder, any colonist who was undecided becomes a patriot
 * huge colonial uprising and success

__Gaspee__
- June 1772, Royal Navy ship patrolling for smugglers runs aground off the coast of Rhode Island - locals dressed as Indians attacks the ship and destroys it [captain of the ship gets shot in the nuts + set adrift] - British officials furious - investigate but find nothing - "mass amnesia"
 * prompts several provincial assemblies
 * establish committees of correspondence

George Grenville
-believed that colonists had forgotten their subordinate status to the Br. Empire -made two administrative orders: Orders in Council of 1763 which placed Br. Ships in Am. Waters to seize colonial merchant ships suspected of illegal activity, Proclamation of 1763 -also projected the Revenue Act, Sugar Act -does not care about the opinions of the colonists -goal: raise substantial tax revenue in the colonies -believed that the colonists should pay for what the Br. Gov’t did for them
 * believed that all subjects of the empire got representation from Parliament vs. colonists idea of taxation w/o representation
 * his ideas fed into colonists anger/disappointment with the Mother Country

Hillsborough paint
- a mixture of gross stuff -used a lot when rebelling (throw it at ppl, put on ppl’s houses) - named after lord Hillsborough (an insult to him)
 * noticeable in its use concerning Christopher Seider and Theopholis Lillie

Jay’s Treaty
- named after Chief Justice John Jay - sent to London to negotiate w/ the British - Britain agrees to: evacuate its forts from America, stop harassing American ships as long as they weren’t sending contraband to British enemies, pay damages for the ships it seized, let America trade with India - do not agree to: stop inciting the Indians, and stop searching American ships for deserters - Republicans bash the treaty-> mad at Jay for negotiating, mad at Washington for signing it - so many people hate the treaty that they hang Jay in effigy - France mad b/c the treaty says British can take French goods from American ships in exchange for financial compensation-> French attack American ships esp. in the West Indies
 * First party system a result of this
 * when Washington refuses to give information to kill the treaty out->establishes the principle of executive privilege

John Dickinson
-colonial leader from. PA -owns larger commercial farm -wealthy, well connected -write a letters-> "A Letter From A Farmer in PA" -made last moderate push (Olive Branch Petition) -wrote Articles of Confederation
 * basic argument that they illustrate taxation w/o representation

Joseph Galloway
- September 1774 - Colonies call for Continental Congress in Philadelphia; second one on Sept 5 - Patriots all across the spectrum attend - Galloway proposes plan of union - allows colonies to provide military defense for each other - gives colonies right to veto Parliament legislation - conservative idea - Congress likes Suffolk Resolves better and pass it instead

Joseph Plumb Martin
-from Connecticut -dedicated patriot soldier for George Washington’s Continental forces -December 1777, at Valley Forge, records that the soldiers’ tracks could be seen by the blood they left behind in the snow -recorded the bad shape the colonists were in while the British were fine in Philly, 20 miles away -enlisted in 1776 when patriot enthusiasm was best, didn’t realize there wasn’t much glory from being a soldier
 * he recorded and showed others what the typical life for a soldier was during the war
 * typified experiences of those in war, difficulties of, realities of

Liberty
- June 1768, Boston - Ship that was part of John Hancock’s (colonies’ largest smuggler) fleet - Liberty arrives with illegal French wine; Hancock brags about it and is found out aby British officials - Press Gangs (make shit British navy recruits) come in on the British war ship, Romney, and raid the Liberty - Commissioners almost die and take refuge on the Romney - Lord Hillsboro sends 1000 British troops when no one is guilty of crimes punishable by British law - Boston ends up with a stand army in peacetime
 * 3rd phase of Cycle of Crackdown and Breakdown
 * Confirms S.A.I.P. portion of signs of impending tyranny
 * By 1768, impending tyranny is seen by colonists

Little Turtle
- 1780’s, Miami, Ohio - Many Indians (allies of British) think the land is still theirs - Lead a group of angry Indians eastwards killed/ beat up any American in their way
 * Problem for Confederate Congress; showed how weak they are
 * Like Pontiac’s Rebellion

Lobsterbacks
- Date? - Name for British soldier during American Revolution - Many soldiers were moonlighting which caused an employment crisis because they’re taking jobs

Lord Dunmore
- tired of whiny colonists, so disbands the House of Burgesses -offers slaves freedom for fighting in his army: see Ethiopian Regiment (part of the Br. Army)
 * slaves not well trained and many die in their first battle
 * drives men who many have not ever been patriots to be patriots

Moral Economy of the Crowd
- No police system back then so need way to maintain moral equilibrium - Legal system isn’t sufficient so need extralegal tradition that sets the boundaries - You can’t do anything that benefits yourself if it has a negative impact - Do whatever you have to do to punish but no more than that - When restoring moral equilibrium, people can’t involve themselves in otherwise illegal activities - Thomas Hutchinson, Andrew Oliver - All colonies except Georgia runs stamp tax collect out
 * Established form of "justice" - mob rules

Massachusetts Government Act
- Early 1774 -Part of the Coercive Acts that Parliament passes to punish Massachusetts - Massachusetts Assembly is closed - If any more than 2 people from the Massachusetts assembly are caught together, they will be arrested
 * Britain trying to reassert control on America

Newburgh Conspiracy
-is planned by mad soldiers to overthrow congress, who is too broke to pay them [they are afraid they'll go without pay or pension] -George Washington says if they go through with the coup then he’ll have them executed - b/c GW doesn't join, coup falls apart - does not happen
 * one of the problems faced by confed. congress in war

Northwest Ordinance
- "Wilderness Road" to KT by Daniel Boone -> 15 yrs later pop. of 74K - new white settlements in KT, TN -> pressure to open up NW - Br. ceded NW to US but did not leave, instead kept trading w/ Natives + bolstering Natives w/weapons... - Congress still eager to open up lands to west, approved 3 Ordinances (1784, 1785, NW) - NW Ordinance in 1787 - redefines gov. arrangements, gave bill of rights to prospective settlers, and proclaimed slavery banned N. of Ohio River
 * ending of slavery in parts of N
 * "natural" rights for all peoples

Olive Branch Petition - conflicting entries about this one
- May 1775 - By now, conservative patriots are gone - Dickenson leads Moderates and send Olive Branch Petition to king asking him to assert control over the Parliament - Continental Congress find out that King George III completely disregarded the Petition - find out at the same time about the moral victory at Bunker Hill -all the bad things that have happened have happened b/c of Parliament - - - -King=the Father, supposed to protect the family (colonists) -ask King for help -King denies them
 * patriots decide that they’re done with moderation

Paul Revere
- Date? - Radical Whig, silversmith - Makes pamphlet after the Bristish massacre (1770) - Included picture of a well dressed innocent peaceful crowd (colonists) with British firing at them at close distance. Depicted as during the day which was false and the only building labeled is Butcher’s Hall - Radical patriot propaganda that named the fight
 * Makes everyone scared and gives some rise to radical patriots
 * leads to the Suffolk Resolves in 1774

Paxton Boys
- 1763 - Am. free, colonies begin making ridiculous land claims (esp. VA), lots of upheaval in border areas - PA western frontiersmen - rough, Scot/Irish, interested in expanding west [thugs really] - War is over, PA western frontiersmen try to take land from Indians, ask gov. for help - Gov. refuses help (Quakers = pacifists) - military aid refused, group [Paxton boys] attacks Indians indiscriminately - Gov. John Penn (grandson of William Penn) sends troops to stop them, Paxtons boys also willing to fight - Ben. Franklin stops civil war from happening but Paxton Boys get off w/ no punishment

Pinckney’s Treaty
-1795 -aka the Treaty of San Lorenzo -granted Americans the right to navigate the Mississippi R., the right to export goods (duty free), through New Orleans (Spanish City)
 * New Orleans was still a Spanish City
 * gives them more freedom in the West

Pontiac's Rebellion
- 1763, Ottowa chief attached tothe Fr. very closely don'y trust Br. - Some Indians don’t think it’s the end of the French and Indian War - Indians don’t British will uphold the treaties (Easton and Logsden) - Pontiac leads Indians to keep fighting - Pushes British across Appalachian by fall of 1763 - British only have 3 forts left: Detroit, Niagra, and Pitt - By October, French leave and the Indians and British reluctantly smoke a peace pipe - to show seriousness to Indians, Br. create Proclamation of 1763 - colonists who want to expand westward get angry (land speculators + forntiersmen)
 * increased tension btw Br., Am., and Indians

Proclamation of 1763
- says that the British won’t allow any colonization over Appalachian Mountains and Indians can keep Ohio River Valley - Made Treaty of Logsden and Easton permanent - Colonists think only valid until they’re ready to attack - Good for Britain because keeps colonists from expanding (colonies are expensive and still need them to be a labor force) - End of Benign Neglect; last phase of BN and Intermittent Intervention - Opening salvo is an entire program of tightening control in the colonies in the aftermath of the French and Indian War -Towns and Duties (indirect tax)

Quebec Act
- news of Quebec Act reaches colonists at the same time as the Coercive Acts - all the land seeded to the English by the Fr. Is one colony - made up of Canada and Ohio River Valley - makes land speculators mad, e.g. George Washington - a 14th colony with NO REPRESENTIVE GOV’T - has an est. church (Catholic though, which = bad, corrupt, evil) - troops sent to the new colony (standing troops...)
 * embodies all the three warning signs for impending tyranny

Samuel Adams
-organizing a boycott -writes a chain letter in response to the Townsend duties Letter says: -don't buy the stuff being taxed -make your own stuff (illegal) -led by colonial women who have economic power b/c they buy stuff
 * effective, encourages radicals

Saratoga
- October 1777 - Burgoyne goes off to New York - Whole country side filled with patriots that sabotage Burgoyne and his men - Heschen (German mercenaries) go to Virginia and get thoroughly trashed and sent home - Burgoyne surrounded by generals and patriots at Saratoga
 * Major victory for colonists
 * What convinces the Fr. to join the Americans in the war effort -> lets the Am. win the war, really

Stamp Act
- 1765 - Everybody in British Empire, if have legal transaction or buy printed goods then need to buy stamp (direct taxation) - first example of direct (as opposed to hidden) taxes - Money used to cover war debts and pays colonial governors who were originally paid by tax payers through HOB - complaints, w/ Patrick Henry loudest complainer - "No taxation without representation" → cannot be taxed since we have no say - claims that anyone opposed to his ideas is an enemy to the colonies - HOB agrees with him except for the enemy part
 * Causes riots and helps est. moral economy of the crowd as a legal system for a while
 * tension btw Br. and Am.

Stamp Act Congress:
-Date? - Made to oppose the Stamp Act - 9 Colonies sent representatives - Argument in letter to Parliament that: Br. colonists are still Englishmen; Englishmen have rights; no taxation w/o representation - therefor the Stamp Act can't be imposed on colonists, so you ought to get rid of it - Parliament gives in and repeals in 1765
 * Stamp Act part of first phase of Cycle of Crackdown and Breakdown (political corruption)
 * Remind that colonists are still loyal to the king

Statute of Religious Freedom
-1786, passed by Virginia -provided by separation of church and state, guaranteed complete freedom of conscience -b/c of this Jefferson’s support for the statute labeled an atheist -more movement towards religious freedom
 * several states later adopt bills similar to this and others revise legal codes

Second Continental Congress
-colonies forming militias of Minutemen to defend their property and their way of life
 * marks when people start really becoming serious about rev.
 * leads to Br. coming b/c they find out about weapons, Paul Reveres famous ride thing "the British are coming..."

Suffolk Resolves:
- September 1774 - Paul Revere brings in Suffolk Resolves - Includes: - boycott all trade with british - military training (local army); national reserve - creation of continental army - creation of continental association that will help facilitate boycott - call for American rights - Continental Congress passes all of them

Tea Act
- May 1773, Parliament passes Tea Act to save the BEIC (British East Indies Company) - Gives monopoly on tea trade to BEIC; all tea goes through BEIC, can sell directly from India w/o passing through England - Sells tea for total cost less than smuggler’s price - Br. thinks that colonists will bend to lower price - Radical patriots say, “Would you truly trade your liberty for luxury?” - Sons of Liberty send Sea Captains threatening (and very... eloquent) letters - Says that if tea isn’t unloaded in 60 days, then army will come in and unload it for the colonists - Dec 16, 1773, (59th day) Sons of Liberty come in dressed as Indians (Mohawks) and dump tea - British become irate and crack down on colonists
 * Shows bad parenting of the British
 * Increased tension btw Am. + Br.

The Crisis
- Early 1777 - Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine - “these are the times that try men’s souls”

Theophilus Lillie
- Feb. 22, 1770-> a group of Boston mob ppl Hillsborough paint his house -a neighbor (Ebenezer Richardson) takes shotgun filled with BBs and tells them to leave- - they don’t, he shoots and kills 14 year old Christopher Seider - enrages Bostonians, run him + Ebenezer out of town
 * increased hatred towards loyalists

Thomas Hutchinson:
- Lieutenant governor of Massachusetts who co-wrote with Ben Franklin - Brother in law of Andrew Oliver (stamp tax collector whose building was destroyed) - People gather around his mansion on August 20, 1765 - Mansion is dismantles (only a couple walls and a floor left, everything else burned) - Hutchinson’s money was left on the ground
 * Refers to moral equilibrium of the crowd (one person doesn’t benefit more than others)
 * in all the other colonies (except for Georgia since it's new) same thing happens, tax collectors run off

Townshend Duties
- Customs duties on Englan’s manufactured goods - Point of mercantilism is to buy English goods - Britain needs money so they tax - Ben Franklin says the it is an indirect tax; makes colonist question because no taxation without representation - Members of the Legislature are opposed to the duties - Customs duties designed especially to raise money to pay colonial governors - Big threat - John Dickenson: - Writes “Letter from a Farmer” and restates that the duties is a tax and no taxation without representation (aka political corruption) - Sam Adams sends circular letter to tell people to boycott English goods - Well received (homespun material) - Works because persuaded or intimated people - Part of 1st phase of Cycle of Breakdown and Crackdown (political corruption)

Trenton
- 1778 -Washington and his men sneak up on some German mercenaries the day after X-mas; Germans are drunk-> surrender quickly
 * despite shoddiness of the overall "victory", huge morale booster for the patriot army

Treaty of Paris 1783
- officially ends the revolution - US gets area between Appalachian Mts. And the Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes
 * get all the land they couldn’t have before
 * new problems that comes with land
 * new problems now they no longer have BR. protection

Washington's Farewell Address
- he stepped down from power when he said he would - speech: denouncing the "baneful effects of the Spirit of the Party"
 * denotes that by this time the forming of the political parties was noticable
 * local + state factions having given way to the Feds and the Repubs

Whiskey Rebellion
- 1795; Alexander Hamilton makes tax on whiskey [corn by-products really, hardly drinkable] - supposed to be okay b/c it's taxation w/ representation - farmers, other irked b/c aristocratic item not taxed, hard enough as is to eke out living - (on frontier, hard to sell corn b/c it spoils -> whiskey easy to transport, doesn't spoil) - "whiskey rebels" tar-feather tax collectors, then judges - in response, George W. + Hamilton raise army of 15K (more than in Am. Rev. ever) - whiskey rebels not THAT dumb, disperse, a few token arrests made (Hamilton suggests execution, but death->martyr, so Washington gives pardon)
 * Proves power of the new gov

Vice-Admirality courts
- 1763 - New court system in Halifax, Nova Scotia with special judges to try smugglers and no jury of peers - before, the jury was made up of fellow smugglers so always let smugglers off easy - now, not so easy - tried outside original borders of colonies - Colonists find this intolerable

Virginia Resolves
-

XYZ Affair
- John Adams tries to negotiate w/ French so they’ll stop taking American ships - sends three commissioners to France to try and negotiate a settlement w/ Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-> postpones official negotiations repeatedly - 3 Fr. missionaries of the minister say only way they could see the minister was if they paid a $250,000 bribe and gave a $10 million loan - John Adams publishes a letter from them (using the false names of X, Y, and Z)
 * creates popular demand for war in America
 * "solves" dispute w/ the Convention of 1800 which frees America from its alliance w/ France-> America forgives $20 million in damages