Unit+8+-+New+Deal,+WWII,+&+Cold+War+Superpower

=1927-1959=

DIY Map! Step 1: Go to Staples and buy some mini post-it notes. Like the ones you see in class. They got lotsa colors and designs, have fun with em. Step 2: Get all your map IDs/locales-to-know and check here to make sure you have everything/the wiki has everything. (If the wiki is missing something, edit it pl0x?) Step 3: Write all the stuff down on post-it notes and see if you can memorize which goes where.

__Map IDs__ (not in order) - Scopes Monkey Trial; Daton, TS - Mississippi River Flood of 1927; Washington County, MS - Percy Family; Washington County, MS - Emette Till; MS - Sumner county courthouse; MS - Morehouse Parish, LA - Share Our Wealth/The Kingfisher/Huey Long; LA - Schechter vs. US; NY - Jackie Robinson; NY - Atlantic Charter; Atlantic Ocean - Manhattan project (3 places): - - - a. Los Alamos, NM - - - b. Oak Ridge, TN - - - c. Hanford, WA - Moore's Ford; GA - Montgomery Improvement Association; AL - Brown vs. Board of Education; Topeka, KS - EPIC/Old Age Revolving Pension Plan/Dr. Townsend; CA - Boulder Dam; corner of CA/NV/AZ - Almagordo, site of first A-bomb detonation; NM - Iron Curtain speech; MO - Father Coughlin; MI - Walter Ruether; MI

Scopes Monkey trial
- Daton, TN - bunch of boosters (businessmen) ask themselves why they're stuck in a dead-end town -> get corny ideas to draw attention to town, ex.v a trial - evolution vs. creationism, pushing to not teach evolution in schools -> becomes a national phenom, broadcast everywhere, on radio... - stupid debate btw Scopes' defense attorney (who happened to be Debs' lawyer during hte Pullamn Strike, was a bigshot lawyer) and William Jennings Brian. - fairly even debate, but in the end Scopes fined $500 (paid by new organization, ACLU, American Civil Liberties Union)(commies) ^ protestants go into hiding, fundamentals -> underground until found, exploited later on ^ all about proto-aristocrat/rough attack on resp. religion -> thrown into shock of losing -> go into hiding

Mississippi River Flood of 1927
- Washington County, MS, right across Morehouse county [Unit 7] - run by the Percy family; actions/status made him target of KKK (made of poor whites mainly, vs. p-a and blacks/minorities, led by JP Skipworth) - Percy family no need for poor whites (black labor force) -> targets blacks - Washington county has more churches, schools than any other county -> Leroy Percy proud of this (relevance = ?) - KKK marches in, JPS runs for Sheriff (fairly powerful position) -> to prevent him from becoming sheriff, Leroy forced to run for sheriff even though it's below im intellectually, socially, etc. -> wards of KKK narrowly -> managed to keep control of blacks, keep the exploitable controllable labor force... - 1927, flooding has been happening since January -> river swollen, guards marching along levees to make sure no sabotage to ensure safety of select towns - April, nature takes over, bursts levee above Washington county -> literally explodes, creates lake 1/6 the size of Lake Michigan (very flat land) -> many dead, too many to count; devastates Greenville, HQ of the Percy family - ppl. forced to move onto the levees in town/along river (a little less than two cars side by side in width) -> evacuation, first white women + children, then white men; no blacks allowed to leave b/c Leroy afraid they'd move away (time of Great Migration), would lose labor force - Red Cross kept them fed, took care of sick/injured... forced to stay on levees for days, would be threatened if they tried to get off and leave - eventually ran out of white men to guard them, so used Boy scouts - around this time Leroy gets tired of this, passes job to son - as water recedes, blacks made to clean up white part of Greenville, still not allowed to leave - one day, policeman sees black man resting on porch -> "get back to work" -> "I just came back from working all night, going to bed soon" -> "doesn't matter, get back to work" -> black man ignores him, goes inside -> shot, killed - William, not seeing what else to do, goes into a black church on day -> met by silence, glares (Percy family! No applause? Unheard of!) -> starts talking, "bad that he was killed, policeman in jail, will be tried (that doesn't turn out justly), you're angry at me, think I'm the murderer... but no, YOU murdered him. I'm rich, could have left, but I stayed and took care of you, and you repay me with this? Should thank me!" - soon after William Percy leaves the delta forever ^ limits to paternalism, government intervention (?)

Percy Family
- Washington County, MS - family of southern whites, rich, own large tracts and towns/counties under their control - Leroy Percy not very religious, wife a Catholic, business friends some Jews, went hunting on Sundays... - in a fairly symbiotic relationship with blacks (need exploitable, controllable labor force), even though in the end of the day they have the last word - so long as blacks work, don't make trouble, protect them from other/poor whites <-> so long as they get enough to live, are protected, blacks work - Mississippi river flood, Leroy Percy initially in charge; a badass, very forceful and manly -> forced them to stay on the levees, afraid of losing the labor force so carefully cultivated by the family - later passed on to son, William Percy, who was artistic, probably gay, sensitive... not the best to sort out the mess, plus the opposite of his father - has a go at the blacks, then leaves the delta forever -> becomes successful writer ^ limits to paternalism

Great Crash
- stock market originally the plaything of rich ppl., like a game -> by 1920s, a business, w/ credit havin been invented - borrow money, buy something, sell for profit, pay back what you borrowed w/ interest... general idea of stuff - but, what if you can't pay back? - ppl. can't pay back, ppl. pulling $ from the system... more people pull $ -> more -> etc. - people panic, keep pulling out their $ - banks that invested w/ ppls' $ start going under -> more panic, pulling $ out of banks -> cycle continues - money just disappears overnight - Stock Market Crash, Oct. 29 1929 ^ acts as catalyst for the worst depression ever; bigger factors include: maldistribution of wealth (1% of pop had 60% of wealth), inherent instability of oligopolies (one goes under, pulls a lot of other stuff down w/ it), agriculture problems (overproduction->low prices, low profits->more overproduction), overproduction and underconsumption (attempt to fix w/ Holly-Smoof tariff, but only made other countries raise their own tariffs; tariff contribution), international nature of economic instability (post-war economy, Germany made to pay for war, payments to Fr. + Br. and then Fr. + Br. -> US, but Germany can't pay so Fr. and Br. can't pay -> nobody gets paid)

First 100 days
- upon getting into office, shuts down banks, calls it "bank holiday" -> for next 9 days, has men looking through records, checking things, make sure everything's good and legit -> after 9 days, reopens and says, "yeah, we closed a few, but the rest are fine"; says in a very confident manner, did close down those that were about to go down anyways -> ppl. believe him - inundates Congress w/ bills -> "Alphabet Soup" - so much change, ppl. called him a radical, even though he honestly was a conservative - just doing things to try and preserve capitalism ^ change = New Deal

CCC
- CCC, part of Alphabet Soup; Civilian Conservation Core - took young men (down to 18 yrs old), stuck them in the middle of nowhere building lodges, roads, etc. for the Natl. park system - paid little, but when interviewed later on, "best time ever" - comraderie, fun and friends, plus... + something to do, a sense of worth, being productive - combating the "depression" of The Great Depression ^ battling the hopelessness; part of the New Deal

AAA
- Alphabet soup; Agriculture Adjustment Act - paid farmers to not produce; would work to bring prices back up - works for farmers in the Midwest, but problems arise in the South; landowners take subsidies and close down the land, sharecroppers get nothing out of the deal -> screwed over; inadvertant ^ part of the New Deal

Elanor Roosevelt
- related distantly to Theodore Roosevelt; married him - raised by her mother who routinely told her how ugly/horrible/clumsy/otherwise imperfect she was -> gave her a connection with underdogs, people who've been looked down upon and put down a lot, who've been told they're nothing - by far the most influential, active 1st lady - even though their marriage wasn't the best (Theodore Roosevelt cheated with her secretary), they were still really good political partners

Section 7A, NIRA
- Alphabet soup; National Industrial Recovery Act - broad based piece of legislation - included stuff like PWA (Public Works Administration) - very importantly, Section 7A; guaranteed worker's rights to unionize/collectively bargain, min. wage + max. hours to be dictated and controlled by US gov ^ part of the New Deal

Old Age Revolving Pension Plan
- Dr. Francis Townsend, a dentist from CA, had some ideas - the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan - idea: Gov. would pay ppl. over 60 $200/month, BUT that $200 must be spent (not saved, invested, other) AND they have to retire - provides, cares for old people, can live fairly comfortably w/o extravagance, plus forced to retire -> jobs for younger people - set up Townsend clubs all over US ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

EPIC
- Upton Sinclair creates EPIC, End Poverty In California - fertile farmland, factories in CA left unused b/c no profit to be made - idea: Gov. pays for F&F, gives to worker collectives who'll work together to figure out what they'll produce, how much, prices, etc. - socialist (dun, Sinclair) - runs for Dem. Gov. of CA, almost wins but at last minute, opponent sends out pink sheets w/ "info" saying Sinclair is a communist, is an atheist -> is evil ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

Unemployment Councils
- communist party want to get in on the turmoil, but can't just go out and say, "hey, join our party!" - set up "Unemployment Councils" - cover + actual help, to convert ppl. - esp. taking advantage of ppl. losing homes b/c they can't pay rent ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

Share Our Wealth
- Huey Long, "the Kingfisher" - self-educated, poor, living in LA; attaches self to LA Senator so agains WWI that they both get in trouble - afterwards, goes to try and make name for self; MS River Flood gives him that chance; water flowing down, New Orleans in danger, way to be saved would be to blow up levees before N.O. - people in those areas are "hell no" but LA then corrupt, run by Rockerfeller Standard Oil; biggest company in the state, but not taxed at all; all the oil men + bankers living in NO., offer money to people to leave, but refused -> go to blow up anyways, but luckily earlier a tributary had blown, relieving pressure -> giant mess, lots of people pissed -> Long rides this wave of pissed-off-ness - becomes LA Gov., then becomes a LA Senator (1932) (campaign style = "a circus hitched to a tornado"), then starts up group/program "Share Our Wealth" - "we made the wealth, the rich took it; give it back" - programs: kids go to school free up to university level regardless of race, etc. (enticing to all); built highways, hospitals, other things that would make people like him; taxed the hell out of Standard Oil - other stuff done/part of Share Our Wealth program: every family has income no less than 1/3 normal income; no higher than 300x normal income; no one can work [min.] or [max.] b/c working more -> less jobs for others, working less -> just bad; promises to pay veterans, care for disabled; old-age pension for over-60s; military training free + open to all... - good Gov./Sen., though very power-hungry, don't get on his bad side - opposed war b/c expensive; proposed to raise taxes on rich, b/c "rich man's war, poor man's fight - have THEM pay" - tries to go national; has a lot of support behind him, scaring hell out of FDR; claims FDR not doing enough, comparing his plans to FDR's; FDR fears Long more than anyone else (and steals some of his ideas) ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

Father Coughlin
- Royal Oaks, Michigan - priest who got more mail during this period than FDR did (which was saying a lot) - anti-capitalism, anti-communism; more producerist, mom-and-pop capitalism - problem being he ranted more than helped - starts claiming "New Deal" = "Jew Deal"; anti-Semite; accused FDR of being a Jew - way more popular than anyone wants to admit ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

Pelly's Silver Shirts
- 1933 - fascist group led by William Dudley Pelly - modeled after the Nazi Brownshirts - basically, a joke ^ one group opposing the New Deal; "Thunder from the Left"

__Schecter vs. US__
- Schecter sells diseased chickens in NY - makes ppl. sick; they complain, goes to new branch of NIRA -> says to Schecter, "you can't sell these chickens," he says, "yes I can, constitutional right, and you/the gov. doesn't have the const. right to stop me from selling whatever I want" - Supreme Court of course illogically votes in favor of Schecter, also in the process wipes out NIRA (and Section 7A) - just b/c maj. is conserv., dislikes reforms ^ big setback, now Roosevelt also squeezed from the right as well as the left - Thunder from the Right and Left

Second New Deal
- election of 1936 coming up, Roosevelt squeezed from right and left, must choose one side or risk being squeezed out entirely -> choose left, b/c he fears them more - sets up ERAA: WPA (Works Progress Administration, as opposed to PWA), the Federal Writer's Project (reporting, information gathering), rural electrification - Wagner Act, basically reinstating Section 7A - "didn't say anything specific against it, just threw out the whole NIRA" - Social Security Act and Wealth Tax Act (stolen from opponents, provides a moderate middle ground for voters + how do you vote "no" to them?) ^ New ideas swing what he does, ppl.'s support -> re-elected

Walter Reuther
- CIO, Congress of Industry Organization; labor militancy - the "no more mister nice guy" of labor unions - Walter Ruether ? supported, participated in strikes himself, had idea of post-war world ? - Flint Uprising, MI; sit-down strike, only made possible by Woman's Emergency Brigade (went down to factory dressed nicely, bashed windows in and tossed in food+other to the men from under their dresses, kept them fed and going) ^ ?

Lend Lease
- America trying to stay out of war, but FDR still want to help - can't trade w/ nations @ war, cripples efforts to help, but work around this -> "Lend Lease" - lends old destroyers, submarines, in exchange for Canadian naval bases ^ aid for Europe

Atlantic Charter
- FDR + Churchill decide to meet up to discuss strategy, but violates neutrality - meet in the Atlantic ocean, bypassing neutrality somewhat - while there, make a sort of Wilsonian post-war world plans, planned war efforts ^ solidified America's coming to war (even if ppl. didn't know it)

__Greer__
- incident; American destroyer in Eur. waters (shouldn't have been there) - Ger. shoots torpedo @ destroyer - Am. goes bonkers; FDR on Radio, TV, makes announcement - US will have convoys for Br. merchant ships, violates neutrality ^ getting more involved while shifting the reason/creating reasons

Pearl Harbor
- Dec. 7, 1941 - Japanese bomb US naval station - Sunday so few ppl. there; all Am. aircraft carriers elsewhere (how convenient...), but battleships + destroyers destroyed - however, did not affect much of war; much fought w/ aircraft, aircraft carriers ^ war on Japan ^ conveniently, next day Hitler declares war on US

Teheran Conference
- Jap. taken over Indo-China, threat to Australia, dominated Korea, threatened much of China - Germans all over E. Europe, Fr. conquered, now slugging out w/ Russians, Br. - Can we win? Ace up sleeves - Soviet Union (WTF?!) - "The enemy of my enemy is my friend" (now big war-time thing); from Satan Stalin to "the Russian Bear" - can work together? Stalin+Churchill dislike each other (Churchill has moral issues w/ dealing w/ insane, evil ppl.; Stalin paranoid and evil), FDR manages to keep them together somehow... is the glue, is CRITICAL to the team - Stalin: "You need to open up a second front, we've been fighting alone for a while." -> FDR+Churchill: "Yes, but not yes; not ready." -> 2nd front in N. Africa. "soft underbelly" -> works, Italy crushed, Mussolini killed - meet at Teheran, capital of Iran, 1943 - Churchill forced to open up third front, "Operation Overlord" -> Am. + Br. invade W. Eur., Russia promises help vs. Jap. after Ger. defeated -> key in invasion of W. Eur.: Normandy, D-Day

D-Day
- key battle, foothold in Eur.; happened on beach, Normandy - June 6, 1944, win Epic Battle -> by August, Paris freed and Ger. in retreat

Rosie the Riveter
- poster of a woman in "construction" dress ^ change in workplaces, occupations for genders

Japanese Relocation
- Japanese in America made to move to internment camps; better off than in Nazi concentration camps, but still unpleasant - short notice, many Japanese forced to find people to take care of homes/businesses while gone -> unscrupulous businessmen would take advantage of this, would buy places/businesses cheap

Dresden
- question of total warfare - would help, but morally reprehensible - at first, "no," then later, "aw f*** it, go ahead." - bomb city of Dresden, famous for fancy dishes; example to Ger., "we'll do it..." - bombs create firestorm that destroyes EVERYTHING

Manhattan Project
- supersecret (like, actually supersecret) project on atomic bombs - help from Jewish scientists who'd fled from Germany (plus others) - testing @ Los Alamos, NM; Oak Ridge, TN, Hanford, WA... bases of testing + research, study - Jul. 16, 1945, 1st successful launch -> will work when dropped? Will work //too well// when dropped? should we use?

Hiroshima
- city in Japan, target of one of the atomic bombs - books written about what happened afterwards - early 1946, John Hersey's __Hiroshima__ follows the stories of humans caught in the blast/aftermath - horrors of illnesses, vaporization (or rather, NOT being vaporized, and instead dying of radiation poisoning. Or being partially vaporized.) - D. Eisenhower had said, "don't do it." ^ human face on bombing -> horrors of, "we did this, this is our fault" -> dampener of victory ^ seems that humans are not evolving into better beings

Holocaust
- genocide of Jews in Nazi Germany - brushed over in news, media, even though sources smuggled in information -> hidden by media, politicians - part of the post-war letdown, after the post-war celebration; realization of full extent of horrors - Nuremberg trials ^ racism discredited; progressive optimism challenged

Moore's Ford, GA
- black veterans coming back from war having experienced nigh-equality in Europe -> different outlooks, having experienced different things, not expecting different things - want equal respect (having fought in war), compensation, etc.... challenging normal racism at home - 1945-46, renewed racial tensions b/c of persistent white supremacy and black vets' willingness to go head-to-head, challenge - basically, how a murders in Moore's Ford was dealt with, why it happened: b/c a black vet came home "thinking he was as good as a white" ^ increased racial tensions

Truman Doctrine
- Greece a puppet state of Br., unhappy with situation, decided to take advantage of Br.'s loss of power, try to gain independence -> ppl. who join: nationalists, including some communists (not too minor, either) - 1947, in response, US, not wanting to be appeasing (appeasement = not interfering), respond -> Truman doctrine - "Not try to wipe out communism, but at least contain it, stop it's spread" - "need to help other places gain independence" - "Br. can't help anymore" (true; losing power) ^ stick (scare American people about communism), nationalism, US as a world power ^ after, comes the CIA, NSA, etc. CIA=first peacetime spy op.; NSC=National Security Council, gives advice to prez ^ 1948, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - first peacetime alliance

Marshall plan
- "carrot" of carrot and stick - ambitious and very successful plan to rebuild the European economy - basically, US lends Europe money, which the Europeans use to buy American goods - works, somehow (dun question economics...) - however, more and more of the products being bought/sold were weapons -> buildup of arms - eventually, about 80% of stuff sold were weapons -> arms race ^ rebuilds European economy ^ arms race

NCS-68
- April 1950, Mational Security Council had been busy - the 68th paper/policy made - saying that, to defend against/keep under control the commies, the US must engage in rapid, successful, continuous buildup of arms, must do it for an indefinite period of time (basically, forever) - radical, so must sway public -> says "to do so, must manipulate public" - i.e. scare the hell out of Americans - blames stuff on molithic commie attack (see ID below) ^ wildly successful, military size/spending/buildup mostly unquestioned to this day

Executive Order 9835
told president to keep country on wartime production to avoid depression, has been that way ever since

Rosenbergs
-1949-50, actual commie spy found: nuclear physicist Julias Rosenberg and wife - arrested for passing nuclear secrets to Russians - executed all; father, mother, kids - even so, scientists then discover higher-than-usual amounts of radiation in the atmosphere - RUSSIANS DUN DUN DUN ^ RUSSIANS HAVE ATOMIC WEAPONS WOOP WOOP ALARMS SOUNDING AMERICA IN PANIC AND NO LONGER TOP DOGS

Korean War
- 1950s, outbreak of war on Korean peninsula - outside sphere of control ("keep communism contained") - N. Koreans attack S. Koreans (before WWII, no N or S - afterwards, divided, N to Russia); N funded/armed by Russians - soon, S. Koreans cornered, help needed -> UN wants to send help, but Soviets in UN, vetoes -> nothing happens -> one day, Soviet rep. gets angry and storms out -> in absence, vote to help, intervene - other nations help, but US at forefront - send to lead, hero Douglas McArthur -> pulls off amphibious victory at Inchon, pushed N. Koreans back and back until they're up against the Yalu river (border btw Korea, China) - Chinese say, "hey, watch it," Douglas says "piss off, //I know the Oriental mind//." - Sept. 1950, Chinese troops cross river, drive everyone back, US, UN, Koreans - Convo btw DOuglas and Truman: Douglas, "see? Now gimme bomb." "No. Come home." "Screw you." "Screw YOU. I'm calling you back." - unpopular move but probably for the best; Douglas given hero's welcome back, but otherwise not much else to do - war continues on at a deadlock, something the supposedly victorious, brave, strong Americans should never have encountered; "we beat all these baddies, and we're stuck like this here? Why?" - blame on COMMIES and commie symphasizers in America, weakening the moral fiber and whatnot ^ man who started this all: Senator McCarthy from Wisconsin (odd, since Wisconsin a progressive state)

- nobody Republican, lied about WWII service ("tailhead gunner") elected as Senator - asked to speak @ woman's voter meeting in Wheeler, WV; a nothing speech at a nothing place with nothing to it - turns things around, randomly states he has a list of 56 known commies in the State dept. (again, picking on soft-communist Dean Acheson) -> media picks up, runs along with it despite no proof and the fact that he never shows the sheet and in the end only reveals one communist - Big Lie; keeps building and building, more and more commies in the gov., more and more paranoia ^ second Red Scare - lots of questions of loyalty, turning on each other ^ UCLA asks for loyalty pledges, profs. say "no, not b/c we're not loyal, 's just wrong/stupid" -> all fired -> tenure

Myth of Monolithic Communism
- idea that all commies part of some world-wide conspiracy - "track" source of all activity to a building in Russia - THE KREMLIN - blame everything on the Kremlin ^ becomes another boogeyman

Mohammed Mosedeagh
- Eisenhower having been picked as prez., w/ Secretary of State John Foster Dulles; trouble bodes... - Dulles a real aristocrat, traced lineage to Charlemange, connections with bigwigs, always lived w/ bigwigs, no connection to the common people, not even been in army -> simplistic view of world (commie=evil, so capitalist=good) - old-timey Calvinist, so contributes to worldview-simplicity - clouds gather in Iran - before, Br. dom., w/ oil company, "Anglo-Iranian Oil Co." w/ Iranians getting 16% of profits max - after WWII, Br. losing power + colonial empires crumbling, Iran tries to make deal of 50%/50% (US and Saudi Arabia had a 50-50 deal) -> Br. refuse, nothing to back up refusal except for growing friendship w/ US - must have some way/reason to help... - Iranians have an (LOL) democratic election, choose guy Mohammed Mosedeagh (let's call him MM for short) - is a passionate nationalist, democrat, and anti-communism; nationalist part angers Br., democratic part angers hereditary ruler, Shah - US vs. Iranians b/c they want to nationalize the oil company - no profits, not capitalist -> automatically communist(wtf, Americans) -> Dulles willing to see this as part of world-wide communist conspiracy, must stop! - meets w/ CIA head Allen Dulles (related), CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt (grandson of FDR) -> idea, gives CIA millions of dollars, doesn't tell a lot of people/the State Dept. what he's doing, some CIA people quit in disgust (says a lot...) - media goes along/is manipulated, says MM is a dictator, compares to Hitler + Stalin - gangs paid to riot, paid to fight one another -> blame MM -> MM so democratic, unwilling to deplot army -> ineffectually dealt w/ situation - removed from power (plus forced to "apologize". Ouch) - US funds Svak (secret police, worse than CIA and stuff. Very feared/hated.) - final oil deal worse that 50-50 - destabilized gov -> blows up in 1970s ^ tradition of America screwing other countries by blaming communism/using communism as an excuse

United Fruit Company
- trad. of US - companies move into S.Am. countries, become economically dominant - no difference in Guatemala, where the United Fruit company owns half the land - lots of important people involved with it; stockholders, lawfirm, Dulles people, Henry Cabbot Lodge, etc. - disliked by natives - "the octopus," the strangling kind; not all of land owned was used, some just kept so that others couldn't own it -> must work for the company - democratic election held -> Arbenz chosen, backed by poor + [small, ineffectual] communist party - platform of land redistribution - "gonna buy the land the company doesn't use at the prices they've set (as judged by the taxes they pay)(price much lower than actual, of course)" - UFC responds quickly -> new Am. ambassador sent to survey situation, response after meeting Arbenz: -- "If he's not a communist, he'll do until a real one comes along." - hire public relations expert (nephew of Sigmund Freud) - gets bunch of journalists, bring on "tour" of Guatemala, fabricated so view of UFC is positive (fired one journalist who wanted to know the truth - meanwhile, CIA spends $ financing "rev." army in Honduras - real Guatemalans need arms, can't buy from US so buys from Chzeck(sp?), commies -> labeled as commies - UN hears about US meddling in affairs, Henry Cabbot Lodge flat-out lies about - "no, we aren't" - CIA sets up bogus radio station in Guat, "people rising up against Arbenz, join!"; also block regular radio station - send planes over towns (VIOLATION of everything ever), claim "light bombing', really just dropped fliers w/ anti-Arbenz propaganda - @ embassy, set up speakers -> sounds of battle played - works like a charm; Arbenz flees country - America-picked dictator put into power w/ enforcement of American-trained death squads ^ untold misery, conflict, you name it, in Guat ^ violates Truman doctrine ^ CIA euphoric - "we can do anything, get away with it" - feeling of American Omnipotence among CIA ops.

Brown. vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS
- in Topeka, black girl ("Brown") had to go to black school across RR tracks, far away; 3 blocks away, a white school - parents ask white school to let girl attend; "NO" - goes to Supreme court w/ collective of other cases (ex. SC Rev. J.A.Delane) - interesting evidence given; psychological effect of racism, segregation, on black children; admitted into court - Truman - "must be unanimous, else will split country" - *New, more liberal, chief justice - Warren Berger ^ overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson, "separate but equal"

White Citizen's Councils
- basically, the up-town clan - upper-class white folk with connections to politics and law using their power to control policies, to keep blacks down - a result of Brown vs. Board of Education/other cases; backlash

Emmet Till
- 14-yr-old Chicago black, visiting family in MS, bragging about white girlfriend + other outrageous stuff - offends white woman who tells husband -> hunt Emmet, body found later, mutilated - hurried burial but mother comes down, demands to bring body back north for proper burial -> open-casket funeral, public, thousands come, horrified by what they see - becomes national, international news - murderers caught, sent to trial ->

Sumner County Courthouse
- @ nearby county courthouse - joked w/ judge, jurors, acquitted and walked out free - later sold confession to journalist for $4000 - "had no choice - nothing too personal just he was out of line, I \had\ to" ^ culture of white supremacy and subjugation in South

Rosa Parks
- we all know her

Montgomery Improvement Association
- organization made to help run the M Bus Boycott