Unit+4+-+Sectional+Identities,+Market+Revolution,+and+Respectable+Reform

Wheel of Repectablility Unit 4 Map (updated) Forgot this little bit on the map - the Oregon territory, stretching from the area in the US all the way up and to Alaska.

"54 40' or Fight"
- 1844 election, Democrats go through many candidates before settling on James Nott Polk, a slaveholder from TN - runs on one issue only (expansion, idea of manifest destiny) - "Reoccupation of Oregon (hence '54 40' or Fight, saying they'd get the whole territory even if they had to fight the Brits to), reannexation of Texas" - real plan was to get TX, maybe some Mex land in the process - voting -> comes down to NY, w/ the candidates being: Whigs w/ Henry Clay, Democrats w/ Polk, Liberty party w/ James B. (same as 1840 election) - Liberty party inadvertently draw enough votes from Clay, Polk wins
 * determines speed of reform concerning slavery (having a slaveholding Southern prez and all)
 * poor showing mandates emphasis change from "sin" to "threat to repub. institutions" (Liberty party decided to change tactics)

American Civil Religion
- Based on the belief that American is special to God (no theological basis) - Democracy should only be given to the independent people - Bastardization of Protestantism that allows for the justification of Western culture and respectability - Allows non-protestants to be assimilated into American culture and even become mainstream if they declare that America is special to God - Okay with black population because they are running their own show

American Colonization Society
- Self consciously racist attempt to rid the United States of black people in 1817 - Since white people can't live with black people, should send the black people away because the white people can't relocate - Supported by Monroe, Marshall, and Clay - Established Liberia - Largely unproductive

AMEZ (African Methodist Episcopal Zion)
- Aristocratic members of John St. Methodist church in NY wants out because they don't want to be rough anymore and also don't want an interracial congregation (*displays racial and class tension) - Aristocratic members leave -Stillwell convinces rest to stay plain and helps black members establish the AMEZ so they can run their own show in 1820's

__Amistad__
- 1838-1841 - Amistad a slave ship, bringing those from the Mende tribe to Cuba -> slave uprising, kill all but 2 captains and make them sail to Afr. - captains sail to Afr. in the day, but steer away at night -> end up in Connecticut - US navy seizes as "contraband", claims it's their property now - dispute over ownership, legalities, etc. - Captains claim the slaves belong to the Spanish b/c they came from Cuba (lied, slaves actually directly from Afr.) - Abolitionists claim the slaves are free - Navy men claim they seized illegal goods so the slaves belong to them - Van Buren doesn't support the blacks b/c he doesn't want to lose votes of Southern Democrats - evangelical abolitionists (the Tappan Brothers) underwrite effort to return Mende to Afr. - to understand what happened, used Linguistics professor - > he walked around docks screaming random Mende words, found free black sailor who understood -> translator - John Quincy Adams takes case -> wins, Mende free to go
 * helps to unify abolitionist movement
 * increasing public attention focused on abolition as reform

__Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World__
- page 260 - 1829 David Walker, a free black and owner of a secondhand clothing store in Boston, wrote the pamphlet Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World - very militant, threatened violence and insurrection if realizations for abolition not realized - shipped pamphlets to the South via boat; caught before distribution - used producerist argument for the rights of slaves (slaves produce, made America wealthy -> deserve livable share of profits) - claimed it was the responsibility of free blacks to encourage slave rebellion
 * written with pessimistic Millennialism to threaten
 * many more black anti-slavery/abolitionists active
 * backlash in South as whites crack down on slaves, ex. no black sailors in port and reinforcement of slave illiteracy
 * David Walker found murdered

Arminianism
- 1820s - 1840s - most basic idea: free will - enlightened Calvinism ("Arminianized orthodoxy") presents self-limited god, "proof" in place of mystery, legal arguments for conversion - god limits self in natural laws, free will - puritan legacies (covenant theology, predestination) modified by Arminian impulses (free will)
 * Arminianism and disestablishment privilege free will and individualism, but -> god's omnipotence seen differently, congregational discipline and obligations weakened

Autobiography of Frederick Douglass
- page 263 - son of MD slave women and white father, separated from her at age 6 and sent to work on a plantation - age 20, he escaped by borrowing the papers of a free black sailor - in North, first black slave to speak for the antislavery movement - originally allied w/ William Lloyd Garrison (creator of the militant newspaper The Liberator), he later made his own newspaper, The North Star, and supported political action against slavery
 * explodes white myth of blacks being rough and non-respectable (he was intelligent, had good manners, etc.)
 * exposed slaveholders as proto-aristocrats w/ no limits to power (drawing upon class conflicts/dislikes)

Baltimore Journeyman Coopers:
- Aggrieved journeymen that cite plans for future as well as provisions for the present - Identify the proto-aristocratic masters for operating beyond limits - Appeal to scriptural authority for moral legitimacy of their claims

Boston Manufacturing Company
- page 202 - 1810, Francis Cabot Lowell, 36 year old Boston importer whose business was failing - smuggled self into England, pretended he was a rich tourist - "toured" the factories then sketched the machinery (spy) - went back to US, hooked up with mechanist Paul Moody, intend to construct factories but need $ - from investors, raise $400K -> create the Boston Manufacturing Company - 1814, basically take over town of Waltham, MA (changed name to Lowell) - factories - 3 stories; 1st Raw Materials, 2nd processing, 3rd cloth - local females as workers b/c males want higher wages, spinning/weaving had long been done by females in their own homes, plus it gave women an opportunity to earn an independent income (dowry) - strict rules of conduct to prevent prejudice of factory work as degrading -> boardinghouses under watch of housekeepers, no smoking/drinking/lying/swearing/ohter (could be fired if you did), only accepted girls of good moral character, must attend church...
 * win-win for both (cheap labor/opportunity)
 * symbolic beginning of a new era
 * example of paternalism (treated the women like they were children, taking care of them)

Brer Rabbit
- page 298 - popular slave folktales about powerless animals achieving their wills via wit and guile rather than power and authority
 * taught slave children how to function in a white-ominated world
 * held the promise that the powerless would eventually triumph over the strong

Cane Ridge, Kentucky
- Week long revival that drags on and on - Comprised of all kinds of people from everywhere - Absolute phenomenon with supernatural events
 * Embraces emotion, supernaturalism, and racial/gender equality (marks of first phase populist evangelical energy)

Charles Finney:
- Revivalist of the second phase of the Second Great Awakening - Lawyer by training so runs his revivals like a court - All are guilty but are let off because of God's mercy - Tries to use legal arguments for converting people - Promoter of Enlightened Calvinism

__Commonwealth Vs. Hunt__
- page 282 - 1842 MA supreme court recognizes the rights of unions to exist
 * rights for the employed, able to work towards better working conditions/etc.

__Declaration of Sentiments__
- page 266 -1848 - created during Seneca Falls Convention (in upstate NY, women's rights convention chaired by James Mott - based on Declaration of Independence, except it made "men/man" into "men and women/man and woman", etc. - contained grievances against man - concerns about legal rights, ex. owning property, $ control, protection vs. abuse, biology being destiny... - 12 resolutions, unanimous votes (except 9th on voting b/c people were worried about moving too fast) - point of, if women are inherently more moral than men, why are YOU voting?
 * pushed for women's rights (1st real meeting for it)
 * est. of law for women's rights (ex. Married Women's Property Law, 1848, women had control of wages, can sue, joint ownership of children, own possessions...)

Denmark Vesey
- slave conspiracy to take over Charleston, SC and then take ships out of port to Haiti or Africa - very well-thought out, planned for months, almost succeeded - necessity to kill all the whites in Charleston once plan began b/c needed to prevent word from being spread - picked the moonless night of Jul. 14 1822 to start plan; spread word to surrounding plantations to rebel around then and flee to Charleston - 1 month before the plan was set in motion, 1 slave ratted -> police began to pick up - plan date moved up but police catch Denmark, others just before it starts -> executed
 * Whites more scared of rebellion/retribution

Dorothea Dix
- page 258 - 1841 the 39 year old former school teacher volunteered to help incarcerated women in East Cambridge, MA, House of Correction - found mentally ill patients in cages like animals, no heating, overall treated horribly - went on one-woman crusade to improve treatment, care of mentally ill - helped by Charles Sumner, a MA politician, plus others sympathetic to her cause
 * convinced over a dozen legislatures to improve care for the mentally ill

Elijah Lovejoy
- 1837, Illinois - first abolitionist to die for the cause - lived across the river from slaveholders, who destroyed his printing presses 5 times b/c he printed anti-slavery pamphlets and such - 6th time, he tried to defend his printing press -> killed
 * example of anti-abolition response, esp. of its violence

Elizabeth Cady Staton
- one of the women (other was Lucretia Mott) who tried to go to the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, 1840 - refused admission because they were female - decided that it was an issue to be addressed once they got back home - at home, problems delay them - not until 1848 were they able to get together and address the issue
 * helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention

Gag Rule:
- South declares that there will be no more reading of abolition petitions - Supported by southern senators and some north senators
 * Ends discussion about slavery, abolition in South

John H.W. Hawkins:
- Was a master hatter for two years - Signed the Baltimore Hatter's Manifesto in 1833 and becomes a leader of the Baltimore Hatter Union -->Starts wave of unions from 1833-1834 - Signs the Washington Temperance Society Pledge in 1840 and becomes a vital member of the WTS as he shares his ongoing story of sobriety and how it is turning his life around - Speaks publicly (sharing good news of sobriety) for the WTS for 18 years and makes a comfortable living - Dies of pneumonia at the age of 61 after sleeping at a poor ex-alcoholic's house

MECS
- Methodist Episcopal Church South - 1845 2 largest Prot. denoms split over moral issue of slavery - Methodist Ch. - meeting once a year to choose bishops - James Andrew, man of good moral character and whatnot but had married a slaveholding widow -> now a slaveholder - Northern Meth. say he's not eligible bc of such (slaveholding a sin), Southern Meth. say it has no standing on the matter... - MECS splinter, basically the same but with the added note of "slaveholding not a sin so long as the slaves are treated humanely"
 * failure of a religious resolution leads to people looking for political solutions

Millennialism
- belief in end of times, human perfection achieved - 2 kinds, pessimistic and optimistic - pessimistic: things get so bad that there's a massive divine blasting of all the bad people and those left are taken to the kingdom of heaven - optimistic: people, with the help of god, improve society and themselves to such a degree that Jesus returns - example of effect of Mil.: Rochester, NY, so many preachers there that after some time the jails are empty and there's no crime for a few weeks - optimistic millennialism more popular, but for Jesus to come society must be perfect -> need to reform, hit critical mass
 * drives much of 1830s-40s reform

Nativism
- abolitionism raises question of who can access repub. opportunity and responsibility - racist theories with xenophobia, class issues, job security and such -> apply against the Irish immigrants 1. economic competition in urban centers (Irish work for less, don't bother with unions->undermine union efforts, if no jobs for them will turn to crime) -> fear and hate 2. notions of race hierarchy put defeated Celts (supposed Irish ancestors) below triumphant Anglo-Saxons (supposed ancestor of "true" whites) 3. rough stereotypes of the "wild Irish" - elemental desires, lack of restraint 4. anti-Cath prejudice: Pope supposedly represents tyranny and dependency
 * nativism: seeks to discriminate (not let vote, Americanize Irish, push to use Prot. bible)

Nat Turner
- 1831 - in VA, abolition discussed b/c soil was too worn out for cash crops, slaves no longer needed - Nat Turner a known preacher/healer, respected by blacks and even by some whites - had a vision, "Go has had enough of slavery, I am his chosen one..." - he and followers went out, began undiscriminately killing whites - 55 whites killed (including women, children); 100+ slaves killed
 * no more discussion of abolition in the South
 * forever on afterwards, Southern fear of retribution

Oberlin College
- page 258 - 1833 - first coeducational (accepting blacks and women) to become established
 * first step/example of reforms in higher education
 * allowed for women and blacks to become educated and disprove their "natural inferiority"

Paternalism
- page 291 - defining characteristic of a new code of values and behavior (in the South, towards slaves) - According to, slaveholding was a duty and burden carrying strict moral obligations - humane master of a plantation was to be concerned with the spiritual and physical well-being of his slaves - slaves (women too) seen as dependents, child-like -> had to be cared for
 * since the South was getting progressivly more suppressive of antislavery groups, whites' concerns over the treatment of slaves were channeled into ideas such as paternalism
 * efforts such as paternalism were often accompanied by more restrictions on slaves that basically offset any good the reforms would do

Pro-Slavery Ideology
- slavery as a positive force; started after Nat Turner rebellion - Thomas "Mountain" Dew wrote book "Review of the Debate" about the VA abolition discussion, conclusion: slavery = good - John C. Calhoun: 1832 pamphlet "Disquisitions on Gov" states- 1. paternalistic racism: "respectable" justifications for why "rough" blacks must be reigned in 2. strong always exploit weak, but slavery offers cradle to grave security 3. if Americans like thriving then stop bitching b/c cotton profits benefit all (white) Americans - Biblical arguments - pseudo-scientific arguments of Josiah Nott (big brain vs. small brain) - Hammond: slavery allows white Southerners to create finest example of civilization ever (do no work, constructed superiority)
 * main ideas behind much of anti-abolitionist response in South

Quock Walker:
- Slave that sues Massachusetts after Massachusetts stops observing slavery but is not free - Wins the case

Semi-autonomous slave cultures
- briefly on page 297 - slaves, especially field hands (artisans less so, house domestics even less) mostly left alone w/ little contact w/ whites
 * allowed native cultures to survive, for slave culture to develop and flourish (ex. aspects in Slave Religion)

Simeon Courtly
- Character in Emma Embury's essay written in 1843 - Simeon has never done anything wrong to anyone but never has show true passion or sympathy - He acts exactly how a respectable person should act but his weakness is his worship of money - He constantly makes offerings to the Church almost as if he is bribing God and is constantly worried about the evils of the future - Shows how the aristocratic live only for the future - Shows that a person can act respectable but it doesn't make them respectable - He is a conscientious elite

**__Six Sermons__: **
- A series of sermons published by Lyman Beecher - One the sermons state how sinful and anti-republican drinking is and shifts to the idea that you can't drink moderately --> need total abstinence
 * Displays a top-bottom reform

Slave Religion
- pages 297-298 - late 18th/early 19th century, slaves mixed native African traditions/religion with Christianity - African: hopeful, optimistic, w/ evangelical Protestanism: emphasis on humansinfulness - from Prot. Christianity, slaves found + used emphasis on love and the spiritual equality of all people -> strengthened ties to other blacks - fusing of Moses and Jesus (leading people to freedom + suffering on behalf of all mankind in promise of deliverance in this world) - maj. form of black religion = spirituals (songs?) - blacks identified w/ the Hebrew people's history

Tappan Brothers
- page 262 - rich evangelical conscientious elites, New York businessmen; Arthur + Lewis - they exemplify the conscientious elites because they use their money to fund reform movements, including Christian methodists/revivalists, Abolitionists, and other reformers. - helped found Liberty party in 1840 (abolitionist group looking to politics to end slavery) - also helped people of the Mende tribe in the Amistad incident
 * started one of the first official political parties based around anti-slavery sentiments
 * helped in Amistad incident -> helped unification of abolition movement

"The Great Disappointment"
- in the early 1840s, a baptist minister named William Miller in upstate NY worked out a detailed calculation from the bible and claimed that the End Of Days was coming on October 22nd, 1844 - it didn't come - people, having given possessions away and done other such things, pissed - INCOMPLETE

Timothy Dwight's "pioneers":
- Exactly definition of rough - They can't function in society and can't resist their elemental passions - They can't stand society anymore so they move out - Eventually replaced by the more respectable farmer